tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-16951814314485014312024-03-28T07:54:41.551+08:00大學、客家與老街沉浸於大學的研究、教學與服務,偶爾因人類學、史學與客家被召喚而常民寫作。無須演繹歸納,不必史料與田野,逕自素樸的表達。疏漏不少,卻也因此被迫不斷地自問:我到底懂些什麼?羅烈師http://www.blogger.com/profile/18220084008222360791noreply@blogger.comBlogger345125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1695181431448501431.post-12539169977290926992024-03-15T20:00:00.005+08:002024-03-15T20:00:45.247+08:00讀勞格文等編《客家傳統社會叢書》<p> </p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">朝向「結構與原動力」的客家研究新典範:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">讀勞格文等編《客家傳統社會叢書》<a href="file:///F:/%E5%8E%9F%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99%E5%A4%BE/05%E5%9C%96%E8%B3%87/%E8%91%97%E4%BD%9C/%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0/%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0/%E8%AE%80%E5%8B%9E%E6%A0%BC%E6%96%87%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E5%8F%A2%E6%9B%B8.doc#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">清華大學人類學研究所<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">羅烈師<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">法國遠東學院與中國福建社會科學院於<span lang="EN-US">1992</span>年聯合開展一項研究傳統客家社會的計畫,並於<span lang="EN-US">1994</span>年獲得蔣經國國際學術交流基金會資助,以「中國農業社會的結構與原動力」為主題,並邀請廣東嘉應大學客家研究所與江西贛南師範學院加入這個工作行列。這個主題計畫企圖「<span style="color: black;">經由檢視各類繁複不同並具有象徵意義的習俗,以理解客家社會及其歷史,而這些習俗是客家人傳統上用來表達其價值體系,以及尋求保存並改善其生活方式的憑藉」</span>(勞格文<span lang="EN-US"> 1996:</span>序)。本研究計畫吸引了六十九位當地學者,在閩西、贛南、粵東及粵北等地從事田野調查工作,歷經五屆的客家民俗田野調查報告會,完成七十四篇文章,集結成包含五本專刊的一套<span style="color: black;">《客</span>家傳統社會叢書》(參考圖一)。<a href="file:///F:/%E5%8E%9F%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99%E5%A4%BE/05%E5%9C%96%E8%B3%87/%E8%91%97%E4%BD%9C/%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0/%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0/%E8%AE%80%E5%8B%9E%E6%A0%BC%E6%96%87%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E5%8F%A2%E6%9B%B8.doc#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">本叢書基本上是一套民族誌性質的客家社區調查研究,並且以宗族與城鄉廟會為焦點。</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;">本文所評論並非針對各單一民族誌資料的細節,而是提出一個廣泛的理論假設,以安頓這一大批民族誌資料,並且更進一步討論客家研究的典範問題。</span><a href="file:///F:/%E5%8E%9F%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99%E5%A4%BE/05%E5%9C%96%E8%B3%87/%E8%91%97%E4%BD%9C/%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0/%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0/%E8%AE%80%E5%8B%9E%E6%A0%BC%E6%96%87%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E5%8F%A2%E6%9B%B8.doc#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;">本文以為,勞格文與楊彥杰在這套叢書中,分別代表「文化」與「社會」兩種理論立場,而這正是討論客家研究典範的適切人手。</span></p><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent"><span style="color: black;">圖一:「客家民俗田野調查報告」田野地點分布圖<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEz8JCz6Px2NjN4WiKG6s_nve-T6jESAVSEgURmARnuJLJJyRrKBeBiCKsWNQXtNado0BEsH0Tt73hyC4ihvdikwfOnGIzGgm984fR5kAV8OYe2Jzc5Uk7tS4pj55GZSqSbbE10R9CaVu4f-KuR1qLXiLz7V07NTbbDzGrRQAEYpvWqklfavb3ZHUJw8ea/s943/HAKKA.BMP" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="943" data-original-width="818" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEz8JCz6Px2NjN4WiKG6s_nve-T6jESAVSEgURmARnuJLJJyRrKBeBiCKsWNQXtNado0BEsH0Tt73hyC4ihvdikwfOnGIzGgm984fR5kAV8OYe2Jzc5Uk7tS4pj55GZSqSbbE10R9CaVu4f-KuR1qLXiLz7V07NTbbDzGrRQAEYpvWqklfavb3ZHUJw8ea/w348-h400/HAKKA.BMP" width="348" /></a></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">資料來源:羅烈師依勞格文等主編「客家傳統社會叢書」繪製。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br /></p><h1 style="line-height: 24pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 全真楷書; font-size: 14pt;">研究成果</span></h1><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="text-indent: 24pt;">閩粵贛三省交界山區的客家田野調查報告顯示,風水、祖先、與神明等超自然信仰是客家價值觀所在,社會菁英藉由以大量的人力及物力作為犧牲的儀式行為,向社會全體展示其信仰之真誠及深得超自然眷顧,而得以化解其自身的合法性危機。這一儀式行為形塑出大大小小的宗族及各層級的廟會,而成為社會結構</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; text-align: left;">的原動力。客家此種價值觀和漢人大傳統之儒家與道教相似,和畬族的祖源傳說信仰也十分切近,經過長期的文化融合與國家角色的介入,最終合流為漢人文化。勞格文所關心的是文化結構的問題,認為這一「中國的俗民宗教」兼攝儒釋道三教,代表中國文化的普遍深層結構(勞格文 1996:22);[4]楊彥杰的研究則特別強調儀式行為所塑造的不同層級社會結構模式。下文依序討論文化結構與社會結構兩個面向。</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></p><h2 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 全真楷書; font-size: 12pt;">價值觀</span></h2><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 12pt;">客家人「篤信風水地理,凡築墓、建房乃至築灶、安碓等都要請地理先生擇吉而為,決不敢輕舉妄動」。其中最重要的非築墓莫屬,也就是陰宅風水,所謂「作得好風水,旺了全族人」,句中風水之意就是墳墓。一個風水寶地必須符合地理擇穴的四大要素:來龍宜緩不宜急,兩砂婉轉飽而滿,遠景高峰文筆秀,水曲回旋又盤桓。粵東五華縣華城鎮湖田村的張氏祖墳「臥豬問兜」,即合乎這四項要素,而成為風水寶穴。臥豬問兜是座西向東的一座山,山勢從遠方高峰蜿蜒而下,恰似一條飛龍飄然而來;左右兩邊圍繞山嶺,像一把高椅的兩邊扶手;遠望神光山峰影,近臨雄獅古塔,可謂文峰秀筆;墓前及墓後皆有水流,曲折盤桓流向東北。眾多風水斷言,如果不是臥豬問兜這塊風水寶地,張姓宗族不可能發達得這麼快(房學嘉<span lang="EN-US"> 1997:9-10</span>)。調查報告中類似的例子不甚枚舉,例如:同時湖田村張氏宗族的透湖彎月、老虎唾液、金龜伸頭等;興寧市宋聲鎮茂聲村的豬古石、飯甑石、金龜石、黃蟻點水等;龍川縣麻布崗鎮閣前村的獅子搖頭、藏龍水;蕉嶺縣徐溪鎮的龍形與蛇形;蕉嶺縣新鋪鎮上南村的把守仙人;梅縣松源鎮的上水鯉魚;贛南寧都縣洛口鄉古夏村的鯉魚在盤;<span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: small-caps; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal;">南康市鳳崗鎮的山龍口;閩西連城縣四堡鎮馬屋村的居龍山。</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在陽宅風水方面,客家人也深信家屋與地理環境的配置,直接關係到宗族的發展。例如十六世紀時,廣東的一位精於風水地理的胡姓知縣,於赴任途中經過蕉嶺縣新鋪鎮的石扇河時,認為「水流東北多富貴」,而「水破天心」地更貴。遠望上南村,三支北向走的山脈,其中一支如蒼龍飛舞,山到下南處有座山坡,下有一塊碧綠的坡地,形似挂著人形,坡下一座圍龍屋,龍勢縱橫,北面河水如帶,於是斷定這裡必有貴人出出現<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">(房學嘉<span lang="EN-US"> 1996:60</span>)</span>。其他例子<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">包含閩西的寧化縣泉上鎮的延祥村楊家、清流縣長校鎮東山村蕭家、武平縣永平鄉帽村方家、贛南寧都縣洛口鄉古夏村李家、粵東蕉嶺縣新鋪鎮上南村林家、梅縣松源鎮王家、龍川縣麻布崗鎮閣前村楊家、大埔縣大東鎮三墩村蕭姓等,都有類似的傳說故事。<span lang="EN-US"><br />
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span>客家人相信風水的好壞攸關宗族發展,當然風水也成為解釋宗族現況的常見理由。閩西武平縣大禾鄉湘村劉姓兩個房派人丁懸殊,在文化經濟上的成就也差別很大,當地人追究原因,認為是兩房始祖墳地風水所致(楊彥杰<span lang="EN-US"> 1997:259-261</span>)。於是為了改變宗族命運,最直接的方法就是改變風水。例如閩西連城縣四堡鎮馬屋村的婦女破壞風水使丈夫返家,因為她們族內風水太好了,以致男人外出宦商,令她們獨守空閨(楊彥杰<span lang="EN-US"> 1997:300-303</span>)。贛南南康市鳳崗鎮董家原來不甚發達,後來遷葬開基祖的墳地,宗族便蓬勃發展(羅康<span lang="EN-US"> 1997:168-9</span>)。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; font-variant: small-caps; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; font-variant: small-caps; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">正因風水如此重要,因此</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">互相同婚的宗族也可能因為風水的衝突而兩族不再通婚,例如廣東大埔縣茶陽鎮和平寨謝姓與陳許不婚、廣東興寧市宋聲鎮茂興村薛姓與黃姓(房學嘉<span lang="EN-US"> 1997:103-9</span>)。風水也<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">它往往成為各姓械鬥的原因,例如閩西武平縣大禾鄉源頭村藍姓宗族在湘村劉姓宗族蛇形的始祖祠前建屋,劉姓宗族認為藍姓此舉將破壞其祖祠風水,在協商破裂後,兩個宗族爆發前後長達二十二年的械鬥(楊彥杰<span lang="EN-US"> 1997:263</span>)。閩西連城縣四堡鎮馬屋村的馬姓與鄒姓,兩姓歷來聯姻關係密切,但是在風水、墳地與祖宗問題上卻迭有衝突,甚至械鬥而鬧出人命(楊彥杰<span lang="EN-US"> 1997:313-4</span>)。粵東蕉嶺縣新鋪鎮曾家以鍾家小店妨礙其蛇形祖墳的風水,而將之拆除。鍾家不服上告,卻拗不過曾家官多勢大,於是聯合了鄉內其他鍾姓人以對抗曾姓。鍾姓在曾姓蛇形祖墳的對岸築一文祠,並在文祠門口掛了「飛鷹吊蛇」的匾額。雙方連番械鬥,傷亡多人,經諸多周旋調解後,才漸平息(房學嘉<span lang="EN-US"> 1997:223</span>)。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">粵東大埔縣高陂鎮的客家人篤信五顯華光大帝,善男信女把一切願望都寄托在大帝的保估上,求過了大帝,精神才有寄托,心裡才踏實。如果願望實現,就認為大帝靈驗,備妥祭品酬神。萬一不靈驗,他們什麼也不怨,只怪自己風水不好,<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">以致神靈也幫不上忙(房學嘉<span lang="EN-US"> 1997:374</span>)。這意謂對當地人而言,風水重要性更超過神明的庇佑,成為個人是否成功、幸福的最重要基礎。因此,</span>「我們也許應該把風水看作整個農業社會的象徵系統的基礎,……是生存下去的一個基本策略的資源,也是中國鄉下的政治協調的共同貨幣」(勞格文<span lang="EN-US"> 1997:</span>序文)。因此風水不只是一種超自然的信仰體系與知識體系,更是一種生存資源,只要得到好的風水就有幸福的生活。因此客家人遷葬祖墳的習慣,就是源於取得一個好的風水。這和南島民族的常見的二次葬具有不同的意義,二次葬顯示個人的死亡不是事件而是過程,社會藉由一系列的儀式,當肉身化盡,儘餘不朽的靈骨時,死亡將不再是生命的凋零,它轉化成另一種形式的永恆(<span lang="EN-US">Hertz 1960</span>)。然而對客家人而言,遷葬祖墳更直接的意義是對於好風水的渴求,二次、三次、乃至無數次的安葬,以確保這一福址。對於當地居民而言,要得到好的風水當然需要具備一套關於風水的知識,但是擁有幸福生活,並且足以支付龐大的儀式費用,才是擁有好風水的直接證據。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<h2 style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真楷書; font-size: 12.0pt;">儀式行為<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></h2>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">客家人以大量的人力及物力為犧牲,以表達對超自然的崇信態度,並同時展示自身深獲超自然眷顧。好的祖先風水才能有成功的後代,反過來說,成功的後代表示宗族的風水很好;換句話說,儀式所揭示的價值觀是社會生活幸福與否的基礎。盛大而隆重的儀式行為表示風水、祖先與神明的眷顧,當然也就是幸福的社會生活的保證。而這也等於是說,對於地主而言,盛大而隆重的儀式行為,就是幸福的社會生活的保證;對於參與同時也參觀儀式行為佃農而言,成功的儀式行為表示風水祖先與神明都站在地主那邊,也無疑宣告地主地位的合法性。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">盛大而隆重,也就是使用大量的人力與物力的儀式行為,是祖先與神明的信仰直接嵌入社會生活的另一寫照。由於儀式行為中所動用的人力物力與日常社會生活毫無差別,所以能辦好儀式,就意謂能擁有成功的社會生活。因此儀式成為價值競爭的場合,多位地主共同舉辦,既競爭又聯合,最後是所有佃農也被捲入這一儀式行為中,而人力物力也往往因而不斷膨脹。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">以閩西連城縣城區的城隍廟會為例,城隍廟的遊城隍活動由城內沈、童、李、謝、羅、吳、黃七大姓各自推出一名「福首」,參與組成當年的「城隍會」。廟會活動所需之購買祭祀用品及人力的費用,如香紙燭炮、三牲、齋果、金鑼、彩旗、神銃及儀仗隊等,由各姓湊出祖宗租谷,或由各姓福首至各戶募捐。遊城隍的隊伍以神銃隊開路先鋒,接著金鑼開道,然後是「迴避」及「靜肅」兩塊執事牌。執事牌後跟著抬木拳、木劍、大印等十餘件法器的隊伍。其後是自動參與並化妝的許願隊與飯簞隊,然後是七爺、八爺及城隍爺的神轎。城隍老爺之後則是最引人注目的故事棚和頂馬。故事棚由四根木柱綁在四方桌的桌腳並以方布作成遮蓋,周圍再用紙花、樹葉、藤蔓等裝飾。桌子上坐著男孩女孩化裝成的諸葛亮擺空城計、孫悟空大鬧天宮、哪吒鬧海等,不一而足;而每一個故事棚後邊則是一班樂隊。故事棚之後是頂馬,由青年人扮成古代武將關雲長、呂布等站在馬上。最後則是參加物資交流的小商販(楊彥杰<span lang="EN-US"> 1997:26-30</span>)。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這種出遊、迎神之類的廟會活動和正月的「遊大龍」(連城縣姑田鎮)或遊花燈等活動(連城縣廟前鎮),都具有濃厚的展示意義。如此耗費人力物力的活動絕非一般佃農所能負擔,因此迎神活動是地主展示其財富,並且表明其財富的來源是風水與神明。儀式行為中的合作與競爭關係,儀式也同時是地主間互相競逐地位的場合,一方面是大家共同分攤費用,一方面是錢出得越多的人,地位越高。這種競爭是體制內的競爭關係,競爭的結果,他們所共同追逐的價值成為更有價值的稀有資源。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這樣的儀式行為在整個客地普遍存在於不同層級,從自然村、行政村、鄉鎮、縣城,都有這樣形式的儀式行為。無論是以村落、鄉鎮、或縣城為調查單位的報告,都顯示這一以大量的人力物力為犧牲的共同特徵。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<h2 style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真楷書; font-size: 12.0pt;">客家價值觀的深層結構<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></h2>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">實際的田野資料顯示,儒、釋、道三個主流信仰在客家地方社會都十分重要。宗族觀念的根深蒂固,顯然和儒家傳統有關。但是宗族的祖先前往茅山學法驅之類的故事,卻又俯拾皆是。觀音幾乎被每個地方奉祀,也偶爾供於祖祠。某些地方打醮時,佛道兩教均參與。而和尚更是客家喪葬儀式一定會出現的儀式專家。因此,中國的儒釋道三教,在社會組織及象徵意義的體系中,各據有特定的位置各為整體的一部份。此一整體我們最好稱之為『中國的俗民宗教』,可被視為兼攝三種較高級的宗教但卻有高度特殊化的地域形式,代表了一種普遍的深層結構,而不是三教綜攝為一」(勞格文<span lang="EN-US"> 1996:19-22</span>)。<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span>目前為止,我們尚未確定地把握這個深層結構。勞格文提出假說:它是指在任何地方神巫及不知名的神祗之普遍重要性,此種無名宗教的一大地域特色是把個別的神祗多身化,以滿足宗族之間或宗族之內特定社區的需要(勞格文
<span lang="EN-US">1996: 22</span>)。本文以為客家這種對地方神巫的重視以及神祗分身的現象,很可能與南方民族,如畬族、瑤族等的祖源崇拜有關。這種祖源崇拜的直接事例,就是粵東豐順縣潭山鎮鳳坪村的畬族祖源歌(房學嘉<span lang="EN-US"> 1997:472</span>)。邏輯上說,分身之必要應該是來自單一祖源之神聖性。居客家價值觀核心的二次葬習俗,必定有祖源的成分。因為如果祖源缺乏神聖性,也就是說,如果祖先不是神,那麼藉祖源以取得價值的習俗是令人難以思議的。那種對於個別祖先神的重視,應是畬族特性;客家雖然也重視祖先神,但更重視地域性的開基祖先。從更廣大的地域考察,分香概念是臺灣的媽祖信仰的核心所在,或許就是來自南方民族的祖源崇拜。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這種祖源崇拜的價值觀,在整個中國經濟政治重心向南方轉移,及大量漢人往南方移民的大環境下,因南北矛盾而被進一步強化。南方漢人因祖源崇拜而特別強調其來自於北方的純正優良血統,其中又以山居而相對居劣勢的客家人,為其中之最甚者。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: maroon; font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">行文至此,我們不妨回頭看看勞格文這個研究計畫的主題:結構與原動力。現在我們可以清楚知道,勞格文所謂的結構其實是一種價值體系的結構,由於人的行為係受內在價值體系的指導,因此這個結構本身就是原動力。然而有趣的是,與勞格文合作關係密切的楊彥杰顯然有十分不同的思考取向。楊彥杰顯然受臺灣學界祭祀圈理論的影響頗深,他所認定的結構是社會結構,是一個人際關係實體,而非勞格文而主張的抽象觀念。筆者認為勞格文與楊彥杰之間的差異深具意義,下文將先說明楊彥杰的研究成果,然後從客家研究的典範觀點,分析二者的歧異。</span></p>
<h2 style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真楷書; font-size: 12.0pt;">社會結構<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></h2>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">客地居民聚族而居的現象十分普遍,在三十三個以行政村以下為單位的調查點中,二個村落的調查報告未具體說明村落內居民的姓氏分佈情形,三個村落的姓氏分佈較複雜,多姓雜處外,共有二十六個村落有聚族而居的現象,而其中又有十二個村落是單一姓氏佔絕大多數,甚至是所謂單姓村。甚至在以鄉鎮為單位的調查報告中,也有閩西永定縣古竹鄉蘇、江兩姓人口居然共佔全鄉人口的<span lang="EN-US">83</span>﹪(楊彥杰<span lang="EN-US"> 1996:19</span>)。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">宗族與廟會是這些社區的結構基礎,而廟會的基本構成單位是宗族</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,這一點從廟會的輪祀制度上,具體地顯現出來。以長汀、連城兩縣交界附近的信奉珨瑚侯王的河源十三坊為例,十三坊輪流祭祀侯王是以坊為基本單位,而每個坊又是一個或多個宗族的聚居地,因此輪到哪一坊奉祀珨瑚侯王,在這一年當中水必須在坊內進行再分配。有的坊本身就是一個宗族,則在宗族內部各支派中瓜分;有的則是一坊居住著多姓宗族,則在各姓宗族之間進行再分配,因此形成了地方性神明崇拜與宗族的血緣組織相合的顯著特色(楊彥杰<span lang="EN-US"> 1996:251</span>)。這個例子顯示,表面上坊是基本單位,但是實祭上擔任輪祀工作的仍是坊內輪到的宗族,因此廟會的構成單位是宗族。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">粵東五華縣華城鎮湖田村是行政村層級的社會結構的典型,湖田村的張姓聚族而居,與當時的政域編制以及神壇設置,匯合成集政權、族權、神權于一身的群體。在清朝的保甲制度下,湖田村內的上村張姓皆為二世祖張宗富的後裔,同屬於第七保;下村張姓畫為第八保;其他姓氏則屬於第九保。保下各甲則為各房派的聚居點,各聚居點的族長成為甲長。在神壇的設置上,宗族下每個支派的聚居點,也就是政制下的一個甲,都設有「公王」或「伯公」(房學嘉<span lang="EN-US"> 1997:8-9</span>)。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">實際的社會組織模式當然不是完完全全符合這種典型,由於各種特定的時空因素,使得實際社會組織的情形顯得比較複雜。最鮮活的例子是閩西武平縣西部東留鄉境內,東留溪流域內南坊、大陽、新聯、新福、及封侯等五個行政村所構成的地方社會。這五個沿河兩岸的社區每個都擁有自身的村廟,而為一個是相對獨立的整體,但是彼此之間又明顯的通過的新聯及封候的廟宇結合起來。從宗族的角度觀察,最上游的南坊行政村下轄的自然村都是單姓村;大陽行政村所屬自然村雖然仍以單姓村為主,但是姓氏已稍複雜;新聯行政村內同時存在單姓與多姓的自然村;至於最下游的封侯村則又大多為單姓自然村(楊彥杰<span lang="EN-US"> 1996:157-235</span>)。這意謂在各種不同的背景下,宗族發展的情形具有相當大的差異。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">一個充分發展起來的宗族,例如閩西永定縣古竹鄉佔全鄉人口<span lang="EN-US">83</span>﹪的蘇姓及江姓、上杭縣白砂鎮的佔全鎮三分之一人口的袁姓與傅姓(楊彥杰<span lang="EN-US">
1996:19-80</span>),為了加強對內對外的交往,在條件成熟的時候,就會設立自己的墟市。同時為了培養後代進入仕途,也會設立私塾或書院。於是祠堂、廟宇、墟市、書院,構成了一個宗族經濟生活、文化生活和宗教信仰所必不可少的重要條件。它們對內發揮著敦宗睦族,團結宗族各派成,員增強內部凝聚力的功能;對外則起到了與周圍各姓進行經濟、文化交往的作用,從而進一步加強了宗族的凝聚力和對外影響力,提高了本宗族在當地的社會地位(楊彥杰<span lang="EN-US"> 1996:66-7</span>)。<span style="color: black;">在這樣的社會結構下,個人的居址移動受到明顯的抑制,所以才會造成高頻率的聚族而居現象。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">儘管存在著這麼多的變異,但是本質上的結構原理卻完全相同。都是一系列層級的宗族及地方團體,藉著一系列層級的儀式行為而產生。而這些儀式行為和商業的關係始終十分緊密。大型的廟會活動都發生在城鎮,廟會活動期間伴隨著物資交流的商業活動。此外,跨區域信仰的傳入和商業活動直接相關。特別是媽祖信仰的傳入,商業貿易是最重要的因素(楊彥杰<span lang="EN-US"> 1997 1997:412</span>)。永定縣古竹鄉高頭江氏的媽祖廟建在東山墟場前;上杭縣白砂鎮的螭頭天后宮建在傅姓的螭頭墟上;武平縣永平縣帽村、上杭縣官莊及回龍、連城縣宣和鄉等地的天后宮都與墟場建在同一處。這些天后宮的位置分佈本身,就可以說明問題了(楊彥杰<span lang="EN-US"> 1997:412-413</span>);汀州府天后宮的傳入,即因汀州為閩、粵、贛物資集散重鎮(楊彥杰<span lang="EN-US"> 1997:82</span>);寧化縣城區的天后宮也與當地透過閩江上游與福州之生意來往有關(楊彥杰<span lang="EN-US">
1997:3</span>)。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">行政體制的介入是較晚近的,而且往往和衝突騷動(農民起義)的平定有關。例如<span lang="EN-US">1526</span>年建大埔縣,<span lang="EN-US">1562</span>年建平遠縣、<span lang="EN-US">1569</span>年建永安縣(今紫金縣)、<span lang="EN-US">1738</span>年建豐順縣(勞格文 <span lang="EN-US">1997:</span>序)。這些縣名清楚的顯示,中央政府動用軍隊維持地方秩序後,將這些地方納入其行政體制的管轄內。早在大埔建縣之前二百年的的十四世紀,謝氏家族已在後來縣治所在地附近建村,當時自衛是謝家維生的前提,因此以木棚對外守禦,名曰「和平寨」(房學嘉<span lang="EN-US"> 1997:80-1</span>)。這些建縣的歷史具體的顯示,中央體制是建築在地方社會的基礎上。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<h1 style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真楷書; font-size: 14.0pt;">客家研究典範的過去、現在與未來<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></h1>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">客家研究始自羅香林(<span lang="EN-US">1933</span>、<span lang="EN-US">1950</span>),他以族譜資料說明客家係從漢水以東、穎水以西、淮水以北、北達黃河以至上黨這塊中原地區,經五次遷徙,而落腳於閩粵贛交界山區。此即所謂「衣冠南渡」之說。陳支平(<span lang="EN-US">1997</span>)與房學嘉(<span lang="EN-US">1994</span>)分別引用更全面的族譜、考古、及歷史資料,說明閩粵贛三省的漢民族,無論是客家或非客家的主要源流都來自北方,彼此的血統並無明顯的差別,而客家民系乃由南方各民系及少數民族相互融合而形成。雖然語言學的證據顯示,客語形成之年代應在北宋時期(鄧曉華<span lang="EN-US"> 1997:13</span>),但「客家」作為一個族群的共稱,則遲至十六、十七世紀之交,因與廣東南部居民之衝突才產生(陳支平<span lang="EN-US"> 1997:135</span>)。因此,客家研究除了從語言上解決族群形成的時代層次問題外,對南方各族群形成的地域文化、族群文化的認同、以及族群互動等問題,必須格外重視(鄧曉華<span lang="EN-US"> 1997:25-6</span>、陳支平<span lang="EN-US"> 1997:126-37</span>)。羅烈師認為客家學的關鍵問題不是這個客家特質的問題,真正的問題是:「那些力量在界定客家?」,也就是一個客家形成(<span lang="EN-US">hakkalization</span>)的問題。或者說,客家研究的關鍵不在於「是什麼」(<span lang="EN-US">what</span>),而是「如何」(<span lang="EN-US">how</span>),我們應以形成過程與實踐場合的整體觀點下,分析形塑客家的各種力量(羅烈師<span lang="EN-US">
1999:118</span>)。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">以前述觀點觀之,勞格文對於自己所主張「經由檢視各類繁複不同並具有象徵意義的習俗,以理解客家社會及其歷史;而這些習俗是客家人傳統上用來表達其價值體系,以及尋求保存並改善其生活方式的憑藉」,只完成了後半,也就是對價值體系的理解,以及認定價值體系就是重要的社會生活資源。然而勞格文卻遺漏了自己所主張的前半,亦即客家社會及其歷史的部份,而這一部份正是楊彥杰之所戮力以赴者。楊彥杰根據自己對於客家地方社區的觀察,所關切的是社區層級的客家社會形塑力量,而這也和隔海臺灣漢人地方社會的研究,若合符節。然而,筆者以為,社區(<span lang="EN-US">community</span>)層級的研究無法完成解決客家研究的問題,我們必須把眼光提昇到區域(<span lang="EN-US">area</span>)層級,才有可能全面性思考客家形成的問題。這些形塑客家族群的力量包含了政治、社會、經濟、宗教等多元面向,我們當然需要一個大型的主題計畫,至少將研究對象提高到區域的層級,才能將勞格文等人的研究成果更向上推進。下文以目前經濟史家的研究成果,略述這一進路的發展性。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">中國於十六世紀起逐漸被納入世界貿易網絡中,來自美洲的白銀使得中國國內市場得以用白銀為通貨。在世界貿易體系形成的同時,中國人口長期而大幅的成長。中國為什麼能夠養活這麼大量的人口呢?新品種的糧食作物是重要關鍵。新進作物的共同特色是耐乾旱,與適於丘陵地及山地種植,於是中國的耕地從原本的平地,逐漸向高地拓殖。原本平地的田灌溉系統大幅改善,水稻品種也大幅度改良,於是整個中國糧食生產量大幅提升。伴隨著糧食增產同時發生的是生產成本的提高,這些成本是用來提升平地及丘陵地土地利用價值的結果。成本提高,結果糧價也跟著提高。<span style="color: black;">因此十八世紀的中國商品市場貨幣增加、人口增加、糧價增加,成為一長期趨勢。這一物價革命促使商品市場呈現長期的繁榮景象(全漢昇<span lang="EN-US"> 1987:1-85</span>)。</span>一般所謂的客家聚居地位於閩粵贛三省交界,地理區分上屬於東南丘陵區。十六至十八世紀長期繁榮的商品市場所創造出來的需求,促使山區在建材、燃料等民生必需商品行業的發展,於是逐漸形成華南山區和平原地區之間的分工關係。山區的商人或因地處商道或為商品中轉地,頻繁的商業貿易帶動本地商人集團興起;或經營本地土產而發展起來。也由於商品經濟的發達,使山區成為外地商人集團投資的目標。例如:廣州行商經營武夷茶的生產和運銷;山西商人經營糖與茶;徽州商人最為活躍,山區諸多行業,如紙、鐵、木材、油等,都佔有重要地位。於是煙草、杉木、藍靛、苧麻、甘蔗、茶葉等經濟作物,提高了山區農民的生產力及獲利率,甚至某種程度的衝擊原來的社會結構(徐曉望<span lang="EN-US"> 1987:194-226</span>)。<span style="color: black;">也就是說,世界經濟體系使得南中國丘陵區的經濟重要性大幅提升,而這正是平地居民與山地居民接觸的重要背景,當然也就是形成客家的重要力量之一。</span>筆者預期,如果客家研究要在未來十年內有所突破,那麼上述區域層級的研究計畫,勢必迅速展開。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" />
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">參考書目<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">王銘銘<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1997<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">社會人類學與中國研究。北京:三聯。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">全漢昇<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1987<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">明清經濟史研究。臺北:聯經。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">李亦園<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1982<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">近代中國家庭的變遷,中研院民族所集刊,<span lang="EN-US">54:7-23</span>。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; margin-left: 24.0pt; text-indent: -24.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">李翹宏與莊英章<span lang="EN-US"><br />
1999<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>房頭神與宗族分支:以惠東與鹿港為例,民族所集刊<span lang="EN-US">88:29-44</span>。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">林美容<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1986<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">由祭祀圈看草屯鎮的地方組織。民族所集刊,<span lang="EN-US">62:53-114</span>。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1997<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">臺灣區域性祭典組織的社會空間與文化意涵,見「人類學在臺灣<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span></span>的發展」學術研討會論文,臺北:中研院民族所。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">房學嘉<span lang="EN-US"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1994<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">客家源流探奧。梅州:廣東高教出版社。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">房學嘉
編<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1996<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">梅州地區的廟會與宗族。香港:國際客家學會等。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1997<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">梅州河源地區的村落文化。香港:國際客家學會等。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">施振民<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1973<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">祭祀圈與社會組織,中央研究院民族所集刊,<span lang="EN-US">36:191-208</span>。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">徐曉望<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1987<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">明清閩浙贛邊區山區經經發展的新趨勢,見傅衣凌、楊國楨編明清<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span></span>福建社會與鄉村經濟,頁<span lang="EN-US">193-226</span>。廈門:廈門大學出版社。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">許嘉明<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1978<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">祭祀圈之於居臺漢人社會的獨特性。中華文化復興月刊,<span lang="EN-US">11(6):59 <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>-68</span>。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">陳支平<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1997<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">客家源流新論。南寧:廣西教育出版社。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">陳其南<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1990<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">家族與社會。臺北:聯經。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">勞格文<span lang="EN-US"><br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>1996</span>序,房學嘉 編梅州地區的廟會與宗族。香港:國際客家學會等。<span lang="EN-US"><br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>1997</span>序,房學嘉 編梅州河源地區的村落文化。香港:國際客家學會等。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">傅衣凌<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1972<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">明清農業社會經濟。九龍:實用出版社。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1986<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">明清時代商人及商業資本。臺北:谷風。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">詹石窗<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1994<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">道教風水學。臺北:文津。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">楊文衡、張平<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1993<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">中國的風水。北京:國際文化出版社。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">楊彥杰<span lang="EN-US"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1996<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">閩西客家宗族社會研究。香港:國際客家學會等。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">楊彥杰
編<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1997<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">閩西的城鄉廟會與村落文化。香港:國際客家學會等。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">楊國楨<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1987<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">明清福建土地私所有權內在結構的研究,見傅衣凌、楊國楨編明清<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span></span>福建社會與鄉村經濟,頁<span lang="EN-US">30-68</span>。廈門:廈門大學出版社。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1997<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">華南農村的「一田二主」:汀州與臺灣的比較,華南農村社會文化<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span></span>研究工作討論會論文。臺北:中研院民族所。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">楊國禎、陳支平<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1987<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">從山契看明代福山地的私有化,見傅衣凌、楊國楨編明清福建社會<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span></span>與鄉村經濟,頁<span lang="EN-US">144-160</span>。廈門:廈門大學出版社。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">鄧曉華<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1997<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">論閩客族群的方言文化研究中的幾個問題,華南農村社會文化研究<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span></span>工作討論會論文。臺北:中研院民族所。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">羅香林<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1975</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(<span lang="EN-US">1933</span>)客家研究導論。臺北:古亭書屋。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1989</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(<span lang="EN-US">1950</span>)客家源流考。北京:中國華僑出版社。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">羅勇、勞格文
編<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1997<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">贛南地區的廟會與宗族。香港:國際客家學會等。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">羅烈師<span lang="EN-US"><br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1999 </span>臺灣客家博碩士論文述評,刊於客家研究通訊<span lang="EN-US">(2):117-130</span>。中壢:中央<span lang="EN-US"><br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>大學客家研究中心。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hertz, Robert<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1960</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(<span lang="EN-US">1907</span>)<span lang="EN-US">Death and the Right Hand. Glencoe,
Illinois: The Free Press.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Wilkerson,
James</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(魏捷茲)<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1996<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">澎湖群島的村廟「公司」與人觀。見臺灣與福建文化研究論文集<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span></span>(三)。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> (刊於《客家文化研究通訊》 4 :102-117;2001)</o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="file:///F:/%E5%8E%9F%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99%E5%A4%BE/05%E5%9C%96%E8%B3%87/%E8%91%97%E4%BD%9C/%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0/%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0/%E8%AE%80%E5%8B%9E%E6%A0%BC%E6%96%87%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E5%8F%A2%E6%9B%B8.doc#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 細明體; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span>本文初稿曾發表於香港中文大學與香港科技大學於<span lang="EN-US">1998</span>年五月所合辦的「中國民族學:民族誌與方法論」論文發表會,會中臺灣清華大學莊英章教授、王秋桂教授、何翠萍教授、法國遠東學院勞格文教授、中國大陸福州大學楊彥杰教授等前輩不吝賜教,為筆者修改本文之重要參考。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///F:/%E5%8E%9F%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99%E5%A4%BE/05%E5%9C%96%E8%B3%87/%E8%91%97%E4%BD%9C/%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0/%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0/%E8%AE%80%E5%8B%9E%E6%A0%BC%E6%96%87%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E5%8F%A2%E6%9B%B8.doc#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 細明體; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span>本叢書近來仍有續刊,唯筆者尚未詳閱,故未列入本文。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="file:///F:/%E5%8E%9F%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99%E5%A4%BE/05%E5%9C%96%E8%B3%87/%E8%91%97%E4%BD%9C/%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0/%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0/%E8%AE%80%E5%8B%9E%E6%A0%BC%E6%96%87%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E5%8F%A2%E6%9B%B8.doc#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 細明體; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="color: black;">對於民族誌學者而言,本文甚至頗有文不對題之嫌。筆者與勞格文教授、楊彥杰教授與王秋桂教授當面討論這一問題時,他對本文此一取向亦不表認同。然而本文以為,一如勞格文教授本研究計畫之主題「結構與原動力」所標示,我們既然要從這些繁複的民族誌中,思考客家農村社會的結構與原動力,那麼我們勢必要將我們的思考從民族誌層次,提升到理論層次。因此,本文的討論結果有可能是不正確的,但是這樣的討論取向,卻是學者責無旁貸的工作。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///F:/%E5%8E%9F%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99%E5%A4%BE/05%E5%9C%96%E8%B3%87/%E8%91%97%E4%BD%9C/%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0/%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0/%E8%AE%80%E5%8B%9E%E6%A0%BC%E6%96%87%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E5%8F%A2%E6%9B%B8.doc#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 細明體; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span>所謂「中國的俗民宗教」一詞,大致上就是我們慣用的「中國民間信仰」。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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</div>大學、客庄與老街http://www.blogger.com/profile/14881989716307424626noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1695181431448501431.post-29307544771703582442024-03-14T20:03:00.000+08:002024-03-14T20:03:08.392+08:00大湖口車站公園記_2006<p> 感謝郭台貴兄與社區規畫師,18年前的往事了,又有人接力下去。</p><div style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; padding: 0cm; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">大湖口車站公園記<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; padding: 0cm; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">這兒曾經有幾間酒店,來往艋舺、竹塹的商旅與甫自新埔越過平岡的文人,三杯兩盞茶酒洗淨一路塵勞後,自此再拾前程。後來,掌握鐵軌的劉銘傳南來,擺下大湖口車站,讓茶、樟腦與米糧,北向遠洋。遠洋的殖民者接踵而來,腰懸歐洲拱廊,起造嶄新的街道。殖民者離開時,鐵道早已走遠,滿街風華也未停留。幸好義大利的神父趕來,儘管風中只揚起幾載彌撒,卻留下聖母升天堂豐腴的靈糧。九四年春天,沿著相思樹林裡的石砌月台,我們許下清淨家園的願望。這兒有風、有山、有故事,碎石步道的花叢裡,有你、有我、有祖先的足印。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; padding: 0cm; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">老街<span lang="EN-US"> </span>羅烈師謹誌於九五上元<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTqhHlLBJT65Lvznsq7estD9XRWMvStuH9WqBqguHMUSF2XkkCHe6q_s47YrnpBwpp1_d3pJN45nk0_aauK-jD3CIaN_nVaTrfTSAGcw_1CT1aLDQhIp0e0K0Pd_cuffdtJoaIk17gHMDsVxeTM3jynjigs8gDgxInltqdeKAzHx5Pxcb0tPfLFGjZdfZH/s1706/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B9%96%E5%8F%A3%E8%BB%8A%E7%AB%99%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%9201_2004.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="960" data-original-width="1706" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTqhHlLBJT65Lvznsq7estD9XRWMvStuH9WqBqguHMUSF2XkkCHe6q_s47YrnpBwpp1_d3pJN45nk0_aauK-jD3CIaN_nVaTrfTSAGcw_1CT1aLDQhIp0e0K0Pd_cuffdtJoaIk17gHMDsVxeTM3jynjigs8gDgxInltqdeKAzHx5Pxcb0tPfLFGjZdfZH/s320/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B9%96%E5%8F%A3%E8%BB%8A%E7%AB%99%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%9201_2004.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8FclBWkNoDMEZJhY8iRHTmh5T8myBWIHB_MQyyJ6VRgfLusvSiUaA3vCKN91lNezBNiZuhYJlqanhbDMiLVFxDVvReUlsOH6nDqNwJ9GTeJzXLnU4HNd0EKZAonRiySW9r-zYiL3h5xdjAu6q1ksS494N68HHR3XnFvL9tLVsvoFWg_Tu-xtWtK8-28Vw/s1706/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B9%96%E5%8F%A3%E8%BB%8A%E7%AB%99%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%9202.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="960" data-original-width="1706" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8FclBWkNoDMEZJhY8iRHTmh5T8myBWIHB_MQyyJ6VRgfLusvSiUaA3vCKN91lNezBNiZuhYJlqanhbDMiLVFxDVvReUlsOH6nDqNwJ9GTeJzXLnU4HNd0EKZAonRiySW9r-zYiL3h5xdjAu6q1ksS494N68HHR3XnFvL9tLVsvoFWg_Tu-xtWtK8-28Vw/s320/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B9%96%E5%8F%A3%E8%BB%8A%E7%AB%99%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%9202.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p>大學、客庄與老街http://www.blogger.com/profile/14881989716307424626noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1695181431448501431.post-3254814563157826532023-06-20T10:13:00.000+08:002023-06-20T10:13:03.737+08:00《真藝 劉安明攝影集》導論、分篇與後記<h1 align="center" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 300%;">青年攝影師</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 300%;">--</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 300%;">劉安明</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 300%;"><o:p></o:p></span></h1><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 12pt;">羅烈師</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.8pt; margin-right: 75.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 5.9gd; mso-para-margin-right: 6.25gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">透早我去美濃翕彼號洗衫褲彼个,伊彼號查某人攏會加我戽水;我這个翕了,就用客話回倒轉去。(她們叫一聲)阿娘喂!我笑一下講:「沒做陣來去食早起」按呢啦!<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.8pt; margin-right: 75.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 5.9gd; mso-para-margin-right: 6.25gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span lang="EN-US">……</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">劉安明</span> <span lang="EN-US">2019<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">真藝、寫實主義與</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">60</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">年代</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">本選輯挑選了劉安明(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">1929-2022</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">1960</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">年代為主的作品,從劉安明的「真藝相館」(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">1955-1980</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">)得到靈感,命名為《真藝.</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">劉安明攝影集》,向那個寫實主義的時代致敬。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbS03Gy2oZmo-KRC2zLdvRjuiixpn9Ak387mHc-d_YGn79iP_ns8ImMnKTBs2_zskc9tDKUKdsKL5c266SHEVNKDFrWIk5T1Resz14lt8FEWaPKHL33bjWN31lnCkniT58XRqTuRrPK1_mjNFwGCcQ9-kuJZ60RfhP6IN7XkRMwinjYSE-H8mUu0g8h67h/s2780/%E7%9C%9F%E8%97%9D_%E6%9B%B8%E5%BD%B1.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2780" data-original-width="2285" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbS03Gy2oZmo-KRC2zLdvRjuiixpn9Ak387mHc-d_YGn79iP_ns8ImMnKTBs2_zskc9tDKUKdsKL5c266SHEVNKDFrWIk5T1Resz14lt8FEWaPKHL33bjWN31lnCkniT58XRqTuRrPK1_mjNFwGCcQ9-kuJZ60RfhP6IN7XkRMwinjYSE-H8mUu0g8h67h/s320/%E7%9C%9F%E8%97%9D_%E6%9B%B8%E5%BD%B1.jpeg" width="263" /></a></div><br />1960<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">年代是冷戰對抗及其反抗的日子,對於臺灣而言,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">1960</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">年六月美國總統艾森豪訪臺,標誌了這個時代高峰的起點;隨後的美援與經濟發展,臺灣成了極權而逐漸繁榮的反共前哨。與此同時,全球各地發生著此起彼落的學生運動與抗爭,而《野鴿子的黃昏》王尚義</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">1963</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">英年早逝,也正代表那反抗年代的苦悶青年。然而,對於戰前出生、受完日文教育且近乎成人的攝影師們而言,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">1960</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">年代的臺灣顯然另有脈絡,而這脈絡正是以日文為知識媒介的日本攝影潮流。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">二戰後,日本百廢待興,現代主義攝影之父</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">—</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">木村伊兵衛(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">1901-1974</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">)的鏡頭捕捉了傷痕累累的社會,那沉重目光下的畫面,格外觸動人心。這種寫實主義藉由日文攝影書籍及攝影社群,很快地影響了台灣。然而日本是戰敗國,國土更遭兩顆原子彈轟炸而成為永恆傷痛;台灣人並不背負這傷痛,所面對的寫實世界不同於日本,可以視為是日本寫實主義在台灣的延伸與轉化。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">1963</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">年前輩攝影師鄧南光(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">1907-1971</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">)等與發起設立「台灣省攝影學會」,而</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">1965</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">年「屏東單鏡頭攝影俱樂部」成立,劉安明是要角之一,許多作品就是在這個社群中完成的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">青年劉安明</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">1960</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">年代,三十四十的劉安明,正式踏入藝術攝影的年代。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">1955</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">年他開設了相館,而在那之前更是有十年以上的相館工作經驗。受寫實主義的啟發,他走出相館的沙龍式或藝術攝影,改以寫實的報導形式創作。從</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">1959</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">到</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">1962</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">期間,多次入選日本或臺灣國內的攝影比賽。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">劉安明與一群同好騎著當時尚未普遍的機車,服裝整齊,拿著相機,相對於工作或家務中的勞動者,是某種社會菁英階層的形象。攝影史家對這個時代寫實主義的評論,大致上認為較少批判性,留存下的光影畫面甚少觸及臺灣戰後物資缺乏的困苦情況,反而多是鄉間淳樸濃厚的人文信仰與平和充實的日常生活。儘管劉安明風格接近於此,但是像待僱的童工、婦女勞動者與少數族群身影等,仍不乏反思與批判之作。而且與受攝者之間的親切互動下,往往使作品多了幾分幽默或諷刺。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">流動的客家經驗</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">劉安明的作品並沒有特別突出任一族群的創作意圖,如果稱他為客家攝影師也絕對不符事實。劉安明出生屏東海豐,客庄是父祖的故鄉,而他在福老聚落的客家家庭出生,客語是母語,但是卻跟同學鄰居學會幾乎等同於母語的福老話,而福老話也是他的工作語言。那麼客籍身份的劉安明攝影師,在他的影像中,呈現了何種客家形象?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">本書藉由編排架構與攝影師的影像內容本身,回應這一問題。全書各篇用「歡喜、做事、恬靜、誠心」命名,選擇劉安明農業、副業、生活與信仰等主題內容之作品,呈現南部客家的面貌;又以「山、海」分別勾勒劉安明的原住民部落與福老族群為主的渔港形象。關於客家相對於福老或原住民族之特質,藉由環境與謀生方式的差別,還有強烈而執著的信仰與沉靜的送聖蹟之間的對比,自然對照出族群的差異。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">最後,在出版形式方面,本書也力求與先前作品的差異。攝影師先前的出版各有勝場,徐惠貞撰寫文說《親吻土地》(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">2006</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">)及其他早期作品採攝影集的形式,逐張稍顯零散地撰寫個別文說。黃智偉撰文的《定格美濃》(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">2012</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">)針對當時的時空做了考證,以相當大量的文字解讀了相片內容的社會背景;馬國安撰文的《臺灣攝影家劉安明》(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">2019</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">),介紹劉安明攝影生涯。相對於以上專書,本書選擇了策展的形式編輯本攝影選輯,盡量減少文字量,讓讀者自行欣賞影像,品位影像中的世界以及推敲攝影師的位置,當然也就免不了對攝影師的作品形成了誤讀。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<h1 align="center" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 300%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">分篇</span></h1>
<h2><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">歡喜</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">土地上的快樂與擔憂</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">1960</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">年代的農村,攝影師從置身其中的喜悅,到遠觀隱隱的擔憂。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">在那滄茫的地景中,有載滿農產的牛車涉溪到河邊的墟市,如歌譜般的薯園,也有暴雨後的曬穀場與滯銷的香蕉場。本篇以農業為主題,包含插秧、除草、割稻、曬穀,還有地瓜、大豆、西瓜、香蕉與蔬菜,協力耕耘與收割,共</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">39</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">張影像一一寫實紀錄了</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">1960</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">年代工業化前的客家農村社會。其中女性與兒童農作的身影最吸引攝影師,我們選了蒔田女孩作為開場。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVTGVAVQvEHpx4Nq7C3FetqH9mLS5J8fIFuR7LBwPAO4qTFBfRa7KkfK3vfJoPM8_j-vU9YOkEtwdSeMVr8q53_79cB-TPaSKS3kNGvFRudnuBro-cnIGVpEdGdP_RDrdgnRdhxULJW3mJoGhRdUKQfqqT_9SlSGYLIiP0X-Ib-mByvbQcTcqMwv5kew7E/s720/%E8%92%94%E7%94%B0%E5%B0%91%E5%A5%B3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="500" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVTGVAVQvEHpx4Nq7C3FetqH9mLS5J8fIFuR7LBwPAO4qTFBfRa7KkfK3vfJoPM8_j-vU9YOkEtwdSeMVr8q53_79cB-TPaSKS3kNGvFRudnuBro-cnIGVpEdGdP_RDrdgnRdhxULJW3mJoGhRdUKQfqqT_9SlSGYLIiP0X-Ib-mByvbQcTcqMwv5kew7E/s320/%E8%92%94%E7%94%B0%E5%B0%91%E5%A5%B3.jpg" width="222" /></a></div><br />退行蒔田女孩臉上盈滿的笑意十分吸睛,攝影師站在女孩身後,在錯身的瞬間,相機幾乎貼近水田,定住了<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">1962</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">年。女孩應該不是樂於農事,是尋常的田事身影,竟然被攝影師視為珍奇。相同的是「亍田」的婦女,她們一手扶杖,以便單腳獨立,另一腳將雜草踩入泥中淹死<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,還不忘聊天說笑</span>。</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">然而,<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">當</span>田間勞動的孩子,從遊戲般一馬當先,轉成枯坐待僱的童工時,那</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">1960</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;"><span style="background-color: white;">年代的客庄,就像午后崁頭兀立的女孩,只見她的斗笠<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,</span>狀</span>如花朵,美麗卻帶著幾分迷茫。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h2><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">做事</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">甘苦參半的勞動者</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 300%;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">田事以外的副業最能貼補家用,經濟起飛前夕,人們辛勤工作。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">家戶內的糧食生產辛苦卻只能求得溫飽,副業則是有收入的工作,客語說「做事」,意指有現金收入的工作。本篇以畜豬、養鴨、捕魚、焙菸葉、做牛軛、燒窯及製窗等畜牧與手工業等</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">18</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">張影像,勾勒臺灣經濟起飛前夕</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">1960</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">年代的客庄勞動者。我們用晨曦裡,騎著腳踏車的男子開場。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">攝影師一定是被大竹籠吸引,騎著機車經過男子時,寒暄又問明去向與目的後,超前尋找光影。待腳踏車進入場景時,留下了</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">1964</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">年,那清晨上街購買仔豬的男子身影。晨曦下,就要載回仔豬的竹籠,和陽光一樣,裝滿著希望。是的,陽光就是說書人,攝影師則是最佳的聽眾。一樣的清晨,太陽沉浸在陂塘的漁網中,遠山彷彿就是另一位聽眾,與攝影師相望。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">吸引人的還有勞動者在工作現場刻畫出的地景線條,就像捉鱔魚的魚籠、菸葉烘焙後的葉脈以及磚窯原土的台車軌道。線條背後有著勞動者的巧思、耐心與力量。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 標楷體;">延續著客庄農村生活的勞苦,陂塘中養鴨與補魚;還有人口成長後大量的房屋需求,人們製磚、篩沙石與製作水泥窗框。</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;"><span style="background-color: white;">只是那背著孩子在水泥窗工作場打零工的婦女,還有酷日下午餐的孩子,雖然一臉滿足<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">;</span>韌性</span>之中,仍令人心疼不已。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXA2VxWtMdc51fj53iAdb_HZfwd8-7yAgJaum-phx6v3fyyTWX2yeQ6L476hTD-4PLP4duWuAe6E7QuY47O4LlweJAIzMNhmrjd8V34OSzRiZDBe_7D_TM75cllN5GXIyMnaliOQVB6RJWF9-Pp1GI84L4Ih27HXuEYFGobG7gIsMftBIEtDtmfj9GzTT8/s720/%E6%BB%BF%E8%B6%B3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="510" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXA2VxWtMdc51fj53iAdb_HZfwd8-7yAgJaum-phx6v3fyyTWX2yeQ6L476hTD-4PLP4duWuAe6E7QuY47O4LlweJAIzMNhmrjd8V34OSzRiZDBe_7D_TM75cllN5GXIyMnaliOQVB6RJWF9-Pp1GI84L4Ih27HXuEYFGobG7gIsMftBIEtDtmfj9GzTT8/s320/%E6%BB%BF%E8%B6%B3.jpg" width="227" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-family: 標楷體;"><br /></span><p></p>
<h2><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">恬靜</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">生活中的溫馨與喧鬧</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">恬靜並非寂靜,相反地倒是處處讓人會心一笑。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">聚落的日常偏多孩子、婦女與長者,本篇以遊戲、讀書、家務與聊天等</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">37</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">張影像,玩味客庄生活。我們以喝母乳的孩子開場,攝影師甫過而立之年,自己的兒女也還小,俏皮地逗著孩子。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">只見男孩在陌生的攝影師前,緊緊地依戀著母親的乳房,還不時瞅著攝影師。聚落中更不乏吃糖的兄妹、抱著弟弟的姊姊、點心店的父女與狗、抽著煙斗的阿公與孫子、橋上奔跑的兄弟,還有寫功課的同學們。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">水圍繞著聚落中的生活,有光著身子戲水的男孩與跟著母親洗衣的女孩,煮茶與解渴,還有被大水沖垮橋樑後的流籠。特別是那張河裡赤身臥在水牛身上休息的孩子,不過一張相片,卻飽含農事、遊戲與人畜情誼,成了回望</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">1960</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">年代的最佳隱喻。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFB8JFxwPuRPnvU6X4lvLu_BS3g2RaramUkw9KvcD_69hmXEnBf7DQapRHW42m-aLUTNssnffTZA7tWy6q5jZMXDS9yBaHJCF71Vcc2xKrr9dNnbONUb7uC1u-4OSH4gHDW51nQDjYQcVtS65jT6_7xuYxNTtT6BvTWJMObFC6-JSSxoxa726I9_NTkSmJ/s1049/%E6%82%A0%E7%84%B6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1049" height="220" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFB8JFxwPuRPnvU6X4lvLu_BS3g2RaramUkw9KvcD_69hmXEnBf7DQapRHW42m-aLUTNssnffTZA7tWy6q5jZMXDS9yBaHJCF71Vcc2xKrr9dNnbONUb7uC1u-4OSH4gHDW51nQDjYQcVtS65jT6_7xuYxNTtT6BvTWJMObFC6-JSSxoxa726I9_NTkSmJ/s320/%E6%82%A0%E7%84%B6.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-family: 標楷體;"><br /></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">走過美濃、五溝水與竹田等客庄聚落,門前過家聊天的老人們讓攝影師們駐足良久,而客語母語必定成了劉安明的通關密語。那些跨越時代的髮型與髮飾,也因此被攝影師留在相片裡了。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">如果可以回到攝影現場,會發現被幾個攝影師圍繞著的老人,竟然仍能沉靜而自然。那應該是額頭與眼尾滿滿的皺紋,還有勞苦力作下的手紋,自然地造就了這份滄桑中的恬靜感。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h2><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">誠心</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">眉宇間的人神相會</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">信仰的真誠總讓廟會祭典<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">洋溢</span>著鬧熱,<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">但在</span>客庄,多了幾分沉靜。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 標楷體;">宗教由神明、信眾、祭典與信仰所構成,我們選了</span><span lang="EN-US" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">28</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: 標楷體;">張影像,以祈禱的老人開場。</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">雙手合十而眉宇深鎖的老人,正前方的天光映著發亮的容顏,應該是神明正回應著他尋求庇佑與慰藉的祈禱吧!</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">在客庄春秋祭典與聖誕千秋等祭典中,攝影師獨<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">鍾</span>敬字惜紙的送聖蹟儀式。從收集聖蹟、廟中祭神、恭送聖蹟、<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">祭河神、</span>到放聖,劉安明前前後後地隨著隊伍,詳細記錄了天公生當天的送聖蹟儀式。儀式中,那些歷經殖民統治的婦女服飾,保持傳統,十分吸晴。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAkZFxfnsP20CBZpDeAulkbOGHryt5ykgECCP-OuM4YiU8zMdXVDsR5AUMlDRK4c2LQr4o-X9s5fS0a9nIiJpx4WprBTfXJkmMgH2rvKr_HKm2l3L5S_TmR1YOSyo3WdHxmKJhjTczTtg1QKT95dek0LewdHQAoi1pHvHJ70Gohf1mx3IAdGI3ZJ_1Ik-q/s720/%E5%AF%A6%E5%9C%A8.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="510" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAkZFxfnsP20CBZpDeAulkbOGHryt5ykgECCP-OuM4YiU8zMdXVDsR5AUMlDRK4c2LQr4o-X9s5fS0a9nIiJpx4WprBTfXJkmMgH2rvKr_HKm2l3L5S_TmR1YOSyo3WdHxmKJhjTczTtg1QKT95dek0LewdHQAoi1pHvHJ70Gohf1mx3IAdGI3ZJ_1Ik-q/s320/%E5%AF%A6%E5%9C%A8.jpg" width="227" /></a></div><br /><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 標楷體;"><br /></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 標楷體;">風水式伯公在昌黎祠、三山國王與媽祖廟等各式主神廟宇中,素樸而最耐人尋味。攝影師走到伯公樹側後方,從化胎處,帶我們細細觀察了中央靠山、兩邊砂手與石製神牌。在一整片清涼的伯公樹下,有備著三牲財帛在案上的母女,正為伯公斟酒,同行男童<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">聚攏</span>遊戲,女孩則圍著聊天。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">我們用攝影師家鄉閩南庄海豐廟會的布袋戲收尾,相對於美濃送聖蹟的長者,那些觀眾們,特別是擠在臺前的孩子,用行動表現了信仰的鬧熱心情。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h2><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">山</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">似遠還近的部落</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">在遭遇中,體悟了差異;攝影師以飛地為起點,展開了原住民族部落的探訪。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">因為教會與美國資助,霧台、三地門、瑪家鄉三鄉部份原住民族戰後移居隘寮溪南岸,於是客家鄉內埔多了一處排灣飛地。本篇以茂林、來義、三地門與三和等部落的聚落、人物、生活與慶典等主題</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">23</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">張影像,呈現攝影師</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">1960</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">年代的族群遭遇。開場是茂林鄉多納部落日常家務中的女子,同客庄一樣的母子形象,但因家屋建築與生計作物,顯現不同的情調。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">就像那聚落家戶門口,一如客家庄,少不了聊天的人們或老人與孩子,但是攝影師用傳統的石板家屋與竹茅搭建的高腳糧倉為背景,紀錄了族群生活環境的差異。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">差異在族群交界處,顯得格外強烈。在埡口<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">等候</span>的攝影師,用頭頂貨物返家的人們、抽著煙斗的老夫婦、輪廓深邃長髮散亂的男子以及拖著板車的黃牛,突顯了原住民族平地與山區還有傳統與當代之間的拉扯。這種拉扯發生在宗教中,讓攝影師格外敏感。劉安明拍攝了觀看部落影像的修女背影,可能是畫面中「歡迎參觀三地門」的字樣,使他幽默地命名為「觀光客」。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">1967</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">年飛地命名為三和村,那些講著排灣語,在牛背上嬉戲的孩子,必定讓攝影師圍繞在異文化的巨大反差中。有趣的是,影像濾掉了聲音,對照河中與牛戲水的美濃孩子,竟然都成了田園牧童寂靜的聲音。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUqEWgRsZgXl9ibJAfA4TeJslW8neo6NQWT2tbzQZRFTdsgJdpdDdMEDKI5er_diUtJZUaqP0w3KjFyvC2NkRX7e4YvnIPwrBFPgNrsFPzTJo0KodXr0iOEJnefO603OgwVqYQxO3aSt8rtToDnnGOqt3VvLc2U3lGx79fW9eSGwJOzcODsgTzl-01qskc/s954/%E8%A7%80%E5%85%89%E5%AE%A2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="954" height="242" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUqEWgRsZgXl9ibJAfA4TeJslW8neo6NQWT2tbzQZRFTdsgJdpdDdMEDKI5er_diUtJZUaqP0w3KjFyvC2NkRX7e4YvnIPwrBFPgNrsFPzTJo0KodXr0iOEJnefO603OgwVqYQxO3aSt8rtToDnnGOqt3VvLc2U3lGx79fW9eSGwJOzcODsgTzl-01qskc/s320/%E8%A7%80%E5%85%89%E5%AE%A2.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-family: 標楷體;"><br /></span><p></p>
<h2><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">海</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">修整與等待的漁港</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">海邊已經遠離客庄了,但是對劉安明而言,卻是真正的童年故鄉。他在閩南聚落的客家家庭出生,客語是母語,但是<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">跟著</span>同學鄰居學會幾乎等同母語的閩南語。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">相對於農田生計的聚落景觀,海邊渔港幾乎是另一個世界。本篇選輯了渔撈、魚網、漁港、漁船、漁獲等討海人的工作形象,再加上王爺信仰與熱切等待的信眾等,共</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">38</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">張影像,描繪了迥異於客庄的樣貌。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">漁具尤其是漁網是漁民生計的關鍵,從修補、日曬與整理,到眾人牽網上船,等待出航;渔人的生活節奏在陸上整裝與<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">海上</span>搏鬥中,反反覆覆地演出。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">攝影師無緣隨著船家出海,守在港邊,紀錄了背著孩子到港口送行父親的女子、船艙與甲板上準備出帆的討海人、還有扛著碩大魚獲的渔郎。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">留連在港邊的攝影師,很自然地被停泊在碼頭的漁船吸引,對著光影與線條,留下了碼頭風光。更走進船塢,探訪了學習修船的童工。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">收尾處是熱切的信仰情緒,攝影師踩在海水裡,抓住了靈媒強烈的肢體動作與表情;又在前導陣頭裡,反覘迎王等待中的信眾。那份熱切的信仰情緒,相對於送聖蹟,自然對照出族群的差別。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTc9GmlG9TUQfoIiMNS92Y5tA280AatudBkvrVTmluduXUuX4CMXsPpURm4LGW2gSTPNPRe8GguZG87NjtFOV6LiHVqh2LWcz6meDzUCvU1B5B-ooxi2FHn_FY1OOcqMRVXnAzCQfDz3glV7vVfszurBXwPQtjI731YnoeWO_5W4ujYfRGZpKOx3JpjF_e/s905/%E8%AB%8B%E6%B0%B4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="905" height="255" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTc9GmlG9TUQfoIiMNS92Y5tA280AatudBkvrVTmluduXUuX4CMXsPpURm4LGW2gSTPNPRe8GguZG87NjtFOV6LiHVqh2LWcz6meDzUCvU1B5B-ooxi2FHn_FY1OOcqMRVXnAzCQfDz3glV7vVfszurBXwPQtjI731YnoeWO_5W4ujYfRGZpKOx3JpjF_e/s320/%E8%AB%8B%E6%B0%B4.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span><p></p>
<h1 align="center" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 300%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">後記</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 300%;"><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">病中,接下了這工作,是美麗的錯誤。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">關於生病,來得突然,卻也理所當然。去(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">2022</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">)年七月底,收到這本攝影集的初稿,深受書中老嫩大細的身影與面容所吸引;在獲邀擔任主編時,當即欣然同意。完成編輯大綱後不久,身體突然不舒服。應該是長期工作壓力與睡眠不足,再加上過度操練馬拉松,導致免疫系統失調。盛夏之中,竟然發冷顫抖;日日發燒,退了又燒。病症來時,關節發炎,肌肉無力,甚至困臥床榻。病發之初,客家傳播基金會與編輯團隊同仁邀我共同南下,訪談攝影師本人。自忖無力完成編務,去信懇辭主編一事。養病直到十月,才勉強能夠正常作息。詎料此時竟驟聞攝影師離世!自己病中,又聞此死生大事,傷痛愧疚莫名,便又重拾編務。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">錯誤是因為自不量力,觸水而未知池深,沒料到箇中的困難。被攝影師的影像深深吸引時,衝動地答應了編輯工作,但是關於攝影的技術與美學,我幾乎完全外行。深知「老來正學歕笛」是無濟於事的,於是四兩撥千金地迴避困難,不從攝影技術美學的角度入手,而改用「紙上策展」的方式編輯本專書。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">接著開始下工夫研究攝影師及其作品時,發現另外一個難題。其實攝影師先前已經出版了七本攝影選輯,且當時攝影師親自挑選的相片幾乎全部都曾出版過了,如此還需要再出一本選輯嗎?於是我甚至一度建議中止出版這本攝影集。然而,這本選輯是攝影師生前的遺願,而且親自挑了相片,沒有理由放棄。幾經與客家傳播基金會及編輯團隊討論後,設定了「攝影師與</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">1960</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">年代客庄」為主題方向,以跟先前的選輯出版相區隔,如此便解決了與既有出版的重覆問題。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">還有一項困難是關於相片精確的攝影時間、地點與攝影師自身對於作品的解讀。攝影師生前提供影像時,同時部份註明了作品名、時間、地點及文案。經由交叉比對先前出版之資料,不少作品訊息內容相左。更因為欠缺相關訊息的作品太多,基於全書的完整及統一,似乎只能割愛這些已有的訊息。於是就這樣欣賞著攝影師的作品,一路過關斬將地解決了難題。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">至於美麗,是一種關於「回到當時現場」的感覺。年輕時讀史記,至孔子世家贊時,司馬遷寫道:「余讀孔氏書,想見其為人。適魯,觀仲尼廟堂車服禮器,諸生以時習禮其家,余祗回留之不能去云。」正如司馬遷之想見孔子,在反覆觀賞攝影師的作品時,我也想見劉安明。更由於人類學專長,使我視攝影作品為一整套行為的片斷成果。<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">儘管攝影師自述攝影訣竅為「眼快、手快與心快」三快,然而在</span>「美濃送聖蹟」系列作品,我彷彿看到攝影師事前規畫、溝通與現場移動取鏡的「田野調查」身影。又例如「蒔田少女」的笑容、距離與視角,使我禁不住地反覆揣摩攝影師壓低相機、等待與按下快門的那瞬間。<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">原來那三快的瞬間,其實飽藏成竹在胸的從容。</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">這就是從盛夏,經寒冬,到如今初春,半年多來的「閱讀劉安明」。幸好是自不量力的錯誤,才有機會享受這份重回</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">1960</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">年代現場的美麗。感謝三十四十的劉安明!</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span></p>大學、客庄與老街http://www.blogger.com/profile/14881989716307424626noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1695181431448501431.post-3104985812893088702023-03-24T21:52:00.002+08:002023-03-24T21:52:26.158+08:00新竹枋寮義民廟初期祭典的關鍵史料<p> </p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 18.0pt; mso-para-margin-top: 1.0gd; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 16pt;">新竹枋寮義民廟初期祭典的關鍵史料</span><a href="file:///G:/%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E9%9B%B2%E7%AB%AF%E7%A1%AC%E7%A2%9F/07%E5%AF%AB%E4%BD%9C/03%E5%B0%88%E9%A1%8C/%E6%96%B0%E7%AB%B9%E6%9E%8B%E5%AF%AE%E7%BE%A9%E6%B0%91%E5%BB%9F%E5%88%9D%E6%9C%9F%E7%A5%AD%E5%85%B8%E7%9A%84%E9%97%9C%E9%8D%B5%E5%8F%B2%E6%96%99.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 16pt;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 16pt;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 18.0pt; mso-para-margin-top: 1.0gd; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">羅烈師</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 18.0pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0gd; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">交大客院</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h1 style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">一、濫觴:廟史分期之雙元體制</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.1pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a name="OLE_LINK1"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">這篇短文以黃清漢(</span><span lang="EN-US">1987</span></a><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">)以降學者的研究成果為基礎,但聚焦於兩份先前研究者未曾仔細討論的清代道光與同治古文書,討論新竹枋寮義民廟十五大庄輪值祭典制度的初期發展史。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.1pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">關於新竹枋寮義民廟歷史分期的研究,黃清漢(</span><span lang="EN-US">1987</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">)以祭祀圈範圍之消長,提出分期構想;羅烈師(</span><span lang="EN-US">2001</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">)則首開其端以廟產經理的角度,說明義民廟信仰之擴大過程。羅烈師之研究後來為賴玉玲(</span><span lang="EN-US">2005</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">)、林桂玲(</span><span lang="EN-US">2005</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">)與林志龍(</span><span lang="EN-US">2008</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">)等接續討論,而更加精確。初期的黃與羅兩位研究者相當程度地混淆了廟產經理體制(經理)與祭典輪值體制(爐主),幸好賴、林、林三位後學轉精,明確地針對廟產經理提出首事制度(</span><span lang="EN-US">1791-1835</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">)、經理人制度(</span><span lang="EN-US">1835-1914</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">)、管理人和管理委員制度(</span><span lang="EN-US">1914-1988</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">)等三階段,也因之成為枋寮義民廟史之定論。隨後,羅烈師(</span><span lang="EN-US">2006:197-209</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">)先據此提出經理與爐主的雙元體制說,更細緻地依據嘉慶七年(</span><span lang="EN-US">1802</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">)的〈同立合議規條簿約字〉(以下簡稱四姓規約)等史料,說明清代至日本時代義民廟管理階層的制度化歷程;又以經理人劉雲從個案為例,提出廟產經理制度係枋寮義民廟持續擴張的重要原因(羅烈師</span><span lang="EN-US"> 2012</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">)。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.1pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">經前述研究者之努力,筆者認為雙元體制之經理方面的議題,已大致完成;但是爐主方面則尚有細節可待討論。其中一疑問由賴玉玲所提出:聯庄輪值祭典成立之前的祭祀方式為何?針對此一問題,本文依據兩筆史料,主張各庄嘗會祭祀是輪庄體制之前身。下文首先略述十五大庄輪值體制之歷史;其次細讀〈四姓規約〉,拈出枋寮義民祭典之分類及發展;最後以兩份古文書勾勒庄頭規模之義民嘗會祭典的樣貌,並主張此為聯庄(大庄)祭典之先聲。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h1 style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">二、疑問:現今十五大庄輪值制度之起源</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.1pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">關於枋寮義民廟十五大庄輪值制度的最早且最清楚的說明見於《褒忠義民廟創建兩百週年紀念特刊》,該刊明確地表列建立《褒忠義民祀典簿》之道光十五年(</span><span lang="EN-US">1835</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">)起,至民國九十年(</span><span lang="EN-US">2001</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">)間,各年的輪值大庄,並且以「屆」標明一輪,而至今輪值已達十三屆。目前史料所及,應該沒有直接史料完整地記載這些輪值庄名,然而幾項片段的資料,包含</span><span lang="EN-US">1909</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">年坪林石岡聯庄的輪值調單、</span><span lang="EN-US">1926</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">湖口聯庄的祭典合影紀念、以及</span><span lang="EN-US">1916-1934</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">年的臺灣日日新報報導等史料,皆符合上述輪庄之序列。因此不得不同意聯庄體制(從十三到十五)始於道光十五年,克服戰爭與政權更迭,未曾中斷。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.1pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">那麼,道光十五年之前的祭典情況如何呢?賴玉玲(</span><span lang="EN-US">2005: 75-80</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">)推測枋寮義民廟祭祀區域演變的階段有三:</span><span lang="EN-US">1.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">個人祭祀階段、</span><span lang="EN-US">2.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">擴大祭祀階段、</span><span lang="EN-US">3.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">聯庄祭祀階段。對於前二者,其論據只有兩位林氏族人之訪談,而無文字論據,賴亦深覺不安。對此,本文認為,細讀〈四姓規約〉,其實留有重要線索。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h1 style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">三、祭典:春秋二祭、中元與祭聖</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.1pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">枋寮義民廟的雙元體制係長期演變的結果,這期間最關鍵的文書〈四姓規約〉,其祭典相關文字節錄如下:</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 25.3pt; margin-right: 21.1pt; margin-top: 18.0pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-left: 2.11gd; mso-para-margin-right: 1.76gd; mso-para-margin-top: 1.0gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">同立合議規條簿約字人褒忠亭首事王廷昌、黃宗旺、林先坤、吳立貴等,丙午年冬,元惡林爽文戕官陷城,程廳主遇害,壽師爺接任,立策堵禦,我義民墓勇,幫官殺賊切同仇。捐軀殉難者不少。</span><span lang="EN-US">……</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">呈請制憲大人,蒙批准:該義首王廷昌、黃宗旺、吳立貴、林先坤偕同粵庄眾紳等立塜建廟。戊申冬平基,已酉年創造,至庚戌年冬,廟宇完峻。</span><span lang="EN-US">……</span><u><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">此廟建成十餘載,各庄人等同心協力,立有義民祭祀甚多,惟廟內崇奉</span></u><u><span lang="EN-US"> </span></u><u><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">聖旨及程廳主未有祭祀</span></u><span lang="EN-US">……</span><u><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">眾議後日中元,外庄輪流當調</span></u><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">,爐主向王廷昌、黃宗旺、林先坤、吳立貴等四姓首事業內出息取貼出谷三十石</span><span lang="EN-US">……<a href="file:///G:/%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E9%9B%B2%E7%AB%AF%E7%A1%AC%E7%A2%9F/07%E5%AF%AB%E4%BD%9C/03%E5%B0%88%E9%A1%8C/%E6%96%B0%E7%AB%B9%E6%9E%8B%E5%AF%AE%E7%BE%A9%E6%B0%91%E5%BB%9F%E5%88%9D%E6%9C%9F%E7%A5%AD%E5%85%B8%E7%9A%84%E9%97%9C%E9%8D%B5%E5%8F%B2%E6%96%99.docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.1pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">本規約由四姓於嘉慶七年(</span><span lang="EN-US">1802</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">)簽訂,前段說明建廟之緣起與歷程,接著討論祭祀事項。四姓規約透露了三項祭典,其一為義民祭祀,其二為聖旨與殉難淡水同知程峻之祭典,其三則為中元。由本規約可以窺知,義民祭祀本身已頗有餘裕;聖祭卻付闕如;中元則應該鼓勵外庄參與,而由四姓所管轄之經費略予支助。四姓訂立規約的重要目的是為了使每年聖旨與程峻的「聖祭」不虞匱乏,四姓決定出資購置土地,以為香燈祭田。後來歷史的演變,聖祭已完全消失;中元變成枋寮義民最盛大的祭典「義民節」;義民祭雖受關注較少,但仍保留至今。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.1pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">對於賴玉玲的疑問,本文認為四姓規約所言「</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">各庄人等同心協力,立有義民祭祀甚多</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">」,明白表示早在聯庄祭祀(即賴所稱第三階段)建立之前的</span><span lang="EN-US">30</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">餘年,各庄人民已經舉辦甚多義民祭,而且這義民祭與現行義民節之中元祭典不同。同時,中元祭典顯然尚未成為四姓簽約時重要祭典,但是四姓打算藉由外庄之力擴大辦理。如眾所週知,後來中元果然成為最大的祭典,甚至被誤認為是義民祭本身!那麼,此時的義民祭是什麼呢?</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h1 style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">四、新發現:舊史料新解讀</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.1pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">羅烈師(</span><span lang="EN-US">2001</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">)輕描淡寫地提到兩張古文書,其一為〈</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">旨旌粵東褒忠義民列公祝文</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">〉:</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 24.0pt; margin-right: 24.0pt; margin-top: 18.0pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-top: 1.0gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">皇清道光十三年歲次癸巳,月建乙卯,朔日壬寅祭日庚戌之良辰,厥有汶水坑庄嘗內首事暨捐題信士等,謹以豬一羊一庶饈牲醴果品香楮之儀,致祭於<span lang="EN-US"><br />
</span>旨旌粵東褒忠義民列公之墓前而囑曰:<span lang="EN-US"><br />
</span>觀春露之既濡,感佩忠而難忘,遙念列公,歲月孔長,勇冠三軍,義著淡疆,捐軀報國,褒忠表揚,視死如歸,效義疆場。茲修春祀,整冠肅裳,牲醴告虔,伏冀歆嘗,佑我合庄,長發其祥,讀榮耕富,億萬倉箱,人人迪吉,戶戶盈昌,猗歟休哉<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 24.0pt; margin-right: 24.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">尚<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 24.0pt; margin-right: 24.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">饗<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.1pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">依中央研究院萬年曆,「</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">道光十三年歲次癸巳,月建乙卯,朔日壬寅祭日庚戌之良辰</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">」即</span><span lang="EN-US">1833</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">年農曆二月初一,因此其後的祝文有「</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">觀春露之既濡</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">」與「</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">茲修春祀</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">」字眼。這份祝文顯示,</span><span lang="EN-US">1833</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">年時,汶水坑(新埔鎮清水里)有義民祭相關嘗會,會內並設有首事經辦祭典等事務。這一年的春祭備有一豬一羊為祭品,顯然相當盛大,而祭祀的對象即為「</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">旨旌粵東褒忠義民列公</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">」,祭祀地點即為枋寮義民廟後之墓塚。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; text-indent: 24.1pt;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">其二,同治十年(</span><span lang="EN-US">1871</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">)〈</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">皇清褒忠義勇諸公祝文</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">〉:</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 24.0pt; margin-right: 24.0pt; margin-top: 18.0pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-top: 1.0gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">大清同治十年歲次辛未,月建丁酉,朔日己未祭日庚午之晨。今有大窩庄嘗內值年爐主<span lang="EN-US"> </span>首事<span lang="EN-US"> </span>等,謹具豬一羊一□饈牲醴,果品香楮,明燭清酌之儀。致祭于<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 24.0pt; margin-right: 24.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">皇清褒忠義勇諸公之墓前而<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 24.0pt; margin-right: 24.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">祝曰<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 24.0pt; margin-right: 24.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">蘭桂飄香,菊蕊芬芳。遙念列公威□孔長,捐軀報國,褒忠表揚。視死如歸,骨肉馨香。千載俎豆,萬古流芳。茲屆秋祀,瞻掃墳塋,牲醴告虔。伏冀歆嘗,赫赫如在,來格來嘗。庇佑我諸友,彌熾彌昌。□□鹿鳴,耕穫倉□。家家永慶,戶戶吉祥。漪歟休哉!伏惟<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 24.0pt; margin-right: 24.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">尚<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 24.0pt; margin-right: 24.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">饗<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.1pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">相同地,依中央研究院萬年曆,「</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">大清同治十年歲次辛未,月建丁酉,朔日己未祭日庚午之晨</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">」為</span><span lang="EN-US">1861</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">年的八月初一,因此祝文有「</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">蘭桂飄香,菊蕊芬芳</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">」與「</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">茲屆秋祀</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">」等應時文字。與前述汶水坑相似,大窩庄(新竹縣湖口鄉湖口村等,即十五大庄之大湖口聯庄)亦有義民嘗會,會內有爐主與首事之分工,以辦理祭典,祭品有豬羊,祭祀對象為「</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">皇清褒忠義勇諸公</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">」,地點亦為義民墓前。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.1pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">這兩份文書相似性極高,應該就是四姓規約所謂「</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">各庄人等同心協力,立有義民祭祀甚多</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">」。聯合二者可以推知,道光年間竹塹客庄已有許多義民嘗會,以春秋二祭,備有豬羊,前往義民墓前致祭。同時,即使</span><span lang="EN-US">1835</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">年輪庄體制建立後,這一各庄嘗會前往致祭的風氣仍然持續。而這一史料與賴玉玲所採集林家口傳史料,相當吻合;只是林家似乎過度強調了林秋華中舉的重要性,即使沒中舉,嘗會仍然會以豬羊大典祭義民。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h1 style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">五、從嘗會到輪庄</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.1pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">道光十五年確實是關鍵的一年,這一年枋寮建立了祀典簿及廟產經理體制。本文所提古文書亦證實了道光十五年之前已有豬羊獻祭之史實,又進一步發現這種現象並非只有林氏一族,各庄很可能已有為數不少的義民嘗會,以春秋二祭義民。因此,賴玉玲對於祭祀區域範圍之三階段論,應該修正。第一階段所謂個人階段應屬譩測;第二階段之擴大祭祀早在建廟初期便以嘗會的形式存在,不會晚到道光年間才形成。換言之,聯庄體制係以嘗會體制為先聲,當嘗會體制發達後,聯庄體制乃因之形成,亦即十三大庄(十四或五大庄)輪值制度係建立嘗會之公共性基礎上。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h1 style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">參考書目</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 48.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -4.0; text-indent: -48.0pt;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">林佳玲,</span><span lang="EN-US">2005</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">,《家族與寺廟─以竹北林家與枋寮義民廟為例(</span><span lang="EN-US">1749</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">–</span><span lang="EN-US">1895</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">)》。新竹縣竹北:新竹縣文化局。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 48.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -4.0; text-indent: -48.0pt;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">張秋滿,</span><span lang="EN-US">1989</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">,〈褒忠義民廟大事記〉,刊於《褒忠義民廟創建兩百週年紀念特刊》。新竹新埔:褒忠義民廟創建兩百週年紀念慶典籌備委員會。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 48.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -4.0; text-indent: -48.0pt;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">黃清漢,〈新埔義民廟祭祀圈結構之研究〉,中國文化大學地學研究所地理組碩士學位論文,</span><span lang="EN-US">1987 </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">年。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 48.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -4.0; text-indent: -48.0pt;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">賴玉玲,</span><span lang="EN-US">2005</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">,《新埔枋寮義民爺信仰與地方社會的發展─以楊梅地區為例》。新竹縣竹北:新竹縣文化局。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 48.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -4.0; text-indent: -48.0pt;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">鍾仁嫻,</span><span lang="EN-US">2001</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">,《義民心鄉土情─褒忠義民廟文史專輯》。新竹竹北:新竹縣文化局。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 48.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -4.0; text-indent: -48.0pt;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">羅烈師,</span><span lang="EN-US">2001</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">,〈竹塹客家地方社會結構的拱頂石─義民爺〉,刊於鍾仁嫻編《義民心鄉土情─褒忠義民廟文史專輯》,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">136-149</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">。新竹竹北:新竹縣文化局。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 48.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -4.0; text-indent: -48.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US">---------</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">,</span><span lang="EN-US">2006 </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">臺灣客家之形成:以竹塹地區為核心的觀察。國立清華大學人類學研究所博士論文。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///G:/%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E9%9B%B2%E7%AB%AF%E7%A1%AC%E7%A2%9F/07%E5%AF%AB%E4%BD%9C/03%E5%B0%88%E9%A1%8C/%E6%96%B0%E7%AB%B9%E6%9E%8B%E5%AF%AE%E7%BE%A9%E6%B0%91%E5%BB%9F%E5%88%9D%E6%9C%9F%E7%A5%AD%E5%85%B8%E7%9A%84%E9%97%9C%E9%8D%B5%E5%8F%B2%E6%96%99.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; letter-spacing: .1pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">參考義民廟古文書,</span><span style="font-family: 細明體; letter-spacing: .1pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">嘉慶七年(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">1802</span><span style="font-family: 細明體; letter-spacing: .1pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; letter-spacing: .1pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">四姓首事〈仝立合議規條簿約字〉,部份文字之下線係筆者所</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; letter-spacing: -.2pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">加。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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</div>大學、客庄與老街http://www.blogger.com/profile/14881989716307424626noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1695181431448501431.post-87218612825707084952023-02-18T15:53:00.004+08:002023-02-18T15:53:26.959+08:00《入寶山.敬義民》序<p> </p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">《入寶山.敬義民》序</span></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">羅烈師</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">大隘三鄉輪值之庚子(</span><span lang="EN-US">2020</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">)義民祭結束不久,這本《入寶山.敬義民》專書映入眼簾,讀者如果以為這又是每年義民祭之後的例行紀念專輯,那就大錯特錯了!全書最精采最特殊之處在於青年參與,而這一年輕人參與祭典調查紀錄與書寫的舞臺,則是大隘之一的寶山鄉所搭建。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">如果讀者誤以為本書只是每年祭典例行專刊,那是完全可以理解的。翻閱全書,會發現本書包含三個重點,亦即信仰史、祭典與故事,其中祭典儀式的實錄,佔全書一半篇幅,以義民祭農曆七月十八、十九與廿日三天祭典為主軸,再加上前後迎送義民爺,分五個小節,綱舉目張地說明了義民祭的儀式內容。因此,它確實很像一本例行專刊。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">然而,以下這幾個數字以及這些數字的意義,請讀者注意。大隘聯庄共有</span><span lang="EN-US">16</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">個聚落前往枋寮義民廟迎回香旗,正日(七月廿日)當天,聯庄祭典區共有</span><span lang="EN-US">18</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">處同時舉行普施儀</span>
<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">式;而且單以寶山鄉為範圍,共有</span><span lang="EN-US">10</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">處奉飯,</span><span lang="EN-US">9</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">處午供與</span><span lang="EN-US">10</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">處普施。由於這些儀式是同時在異地各自舉行,因此,想要把這些儀式全部紀錄下來,動員了近</span><span lang="EN-US">20</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">位年輕朋友,同時前往各儀式地點,才能完成文字的影像的紀錄;而這就是這群青年可貴與可愛之處。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">一般人,尤其是政治人物,提及義民祭,想到的就是人山人海且場景華麗的新埔枋寮廟及其廣場;然而,枋寮義民祭之所以歷二百年不衰,所仰賴就是十五大庄的輪值參與,沒有十五大庄,就沒有枋寮義民廟。只是相對於本廟的眾聲喧嘩與鎂光閃閃,各輪值庄所受到的注意顯得太少,更甭提那些更偏遠的聚落小廟。精采固然遜於廟前,但是奉飯、午供與普施之虔誠,則恐過之。正因為這些年輕人的努力,讀者有幸看到有史一年第一本全面介紹輪值庄各聚落小廟儀式過程的專刊。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">本書還有兩處精采,其一是信仰史,青年寫手爬梳了前輩研究者的成果,首先精確而淺白地介紹了義民信仰的淵源與核心;其次說明了大隘聯庄參與枋寮義民廟十五聯庄的歷史;最後,以寶山鄉為主體,彰顯地方參與廣大聯庄祭典之自主特性。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">最後一個精采也就是全書最後三分之一,由一篇篇不同世代的義民記憶與故事所構成。這些故事與記憶承載於老照片、調單、獎狀與金牌等物件中,鄉民的義民信仰記憶與故事透過口述訪談改寫,與讀者分享。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">辜錄一段兩位青年女子完成田調,歸還文物,又補拍神豬金牌,返家後的田野筆記:</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 24.0pt; margin-right: 24.0pt; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-top: 1.0gd;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">拍完趁天黑前離開,阿伯的女兒為了接小孩,也一起走。看阿伯一個人坐在屋簷下,總覺得有些不好意思,闖進人家的日常,做完需要的事又離開了。一座山裡,有多少獨居的老人家們?<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">這是寶山鄉山裡的日常,故事精采,理當不只是回憶而已。未來傳承尚須仰賴寶山在地青年,一個世代一個世代接棒參與。筆者端詳書中一張兒童跟著阿婆到廟內上香參拜的照片,不禁想像這孩子長大成人後的意態面貌,想知道他長大後的大隘聯庄風華如何?而義民祭神聖與鬧熱又如何?</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">參與本書編撰的年輕人努力留下了這些史料與文物的影像,還完成數位化與詮釋資料寫作,留住了日後說故事的餘地。十五年後,義民爺黑令旗復返,會是什麼光景呢?就待未來的讀者與寫手展現了。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">作為學術總顧問,實質上對於這本書做的事情不多,僅僅參與籌備工作會,對全書走向提供意見,提供一些文獻參考,以及撰寫本序言。貢獻很少,反而感覺受益受教良多。謹此贅語幾句,既提醒讀者注意這些幕後與番外,也表達個人對所有參與者的敬意!</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>大學、客庄與老街http://www.blogger.com/profile/14881989716307424626noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1695181431448501431.post-7846283639274016192023-02-18T11:21:00.000+08:002023-02-18T11:21:42.837+08:00《細說關西歷史人物》主編序<p> <span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; text-align: center;">《細說關西歷史人物》主編序</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: 1.0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">收穫、致敬與期待,是讀完《細說關西歷史人物》的三種心情。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: 1.0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">本書係《關西鎮志.人物志》之遺緒,書寫了七十個關西的歷史人物。作為小地方大歷史的註解,讀來處處讓人有「原來如此」的收穫。其中羅萬史,對我而言,感受最深。〈羅萬史鄉試朱卷〉繕本由黃榮洛</span><span lang="EN-US">1989</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年拜訪我的祖父羅景輝時,拍攝了影像,並撰文發表;而今,它仍存放在我的研究室中。祖父告訴我,曾擔任新埔枋寮褒忠亭四姓廟產經理人之一的羅春廣,禮聘羅萬史前來湖口糞箕窩講學,羅屋公廳所保存匾額「貢元」二字,即其手書。我家來臺祖羅鵬申講學為業,其子華五亦克紹箕裘,關西下橫坑墾殖不成,先遷新埔汶水坑,再定居湖口羊喜窩,與糞箕窩羅屋素來交好。此〈羅萬史鄉試朱卷〉繕本可能就是同治年間羅萬史來湖口講學所攜來,而為晚年的羅華五所收藏</span>
<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。先前筆者對羅萬史事蹟所知有限,經讀萬老師本書之羅萬史傳,才知其家族之來龍去脈,也因此對</span><span lang="EN-US">19</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">世紀中期關西</span><span lang="EN-US">─</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">新埔</span><span lang="EN-US">─</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">湖口等地方宗族的形成與彼此交往關係,多添一鱗半爪。尚有令人莞爾及奇想者,著名之教父級創作歌手羅大佑,即其</span><span lang="EN-US">21</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">世派下子孫;如果羅大佑對羅萬史以來種種多幾分了解,將會有何種創作呢?</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: 1.0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">萬老師十餘年來,熱情地投入關西地方史的調查與寫作,先是參與新竹縣關西鄉土文化協會之「客庄文化資源普查」工作,隨後以理事長身份,主持執行「深入主題調查」文化資源普查,而有專書成果出版。近來參與關西鎮志之編輯,正如其所自許之「十年磨一劍,只為關西小鎮」。與關西相關之學者或地方文史工作者,可謂濟濟多士矣;萬老師教育界出身,大半輩子從事知識傳承與轉譯工作,本書即可以視為是地方文史知識科普化的重要成果。萬老師退休之後,仍孜孜矻矻如此,怎不令人尊敬?</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: 1.0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">忝為主編,貢獻無多,絕大部份的工作都在萬老師豐富的書寫經驗與詳細的校對過程中完成;僅在最後成書階段,建議增列女性與原住民族人物而已。關西係本縣縮影,這樣的成果可為更多轉譯者所知悉,未來將能以各種媒體,持續投入本縣各鄉鎮市地方知識之傳承與轉譯工作,則其精采必定可期。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>大學、客庄與老街http://www.blogger.com/profile/14881989716307424626noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1695181431448501431.post-19556651621526790402022-12-07T07:30:00.006+08:002022-12-13T21:42:37.039+08:00三洽水義盛嘗史蹟考查<p> </p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><a name="_Hlk119821712"><span face=""新細明體",serif" lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">桃園市龍潭區大北坑客庄傳統文化調查研究</span></a><span face=""新細明體",serif" lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">計畫</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">三洽水義盛嘗史蹟考查</span><a href="https://nycu1-my.sharepoint.com/personal/asiilo_m365_nycu_edu_tw/Documents/04%E6%9C%8D%E5%8B%99/03%E9%A1%A7%E5%95%8F/%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%97%E5%9D%91%E7%BE%A9%E6%B0%91%E5%98%97asii.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""新細明體",serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""新細明體",serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span face=""新細明體",serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">羅烈師</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">asiilo@nycu.edu.tw<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">交大客院</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">2022/11/20<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">大北坑義民嘗即三洽水<a href="https://nycu1-my.sharepoint.com/personal/asiilo_m365_nycu_edu_tw/Documents/04%E6%9C%8D%E5%8B%99/03%E9%A1%A7%E5%95%8F/%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%97%E5%9D%91%E7%BE%A9%E6%B0%91%E5%98%97asii.docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""新細明體",serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>義盛嘗<a href="https://nycu1-my.sharepoint.com/personal/asiilo_m365_nycu_edu_tw/Documents/04%E6%9C%8D%E5%8B%99/03%E9%A1%A7%E5%95%8F/%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%97%E5%9D%91%E7%BE%A9%E6%B0%91%E5%98%97asii.docx#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""新細明體",serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>,成立於道光<span lang="EN-US">8</span>年(<span lang="EN-US">1828</span>),共有<span lang="EN-US">23</span>人組成<span lang="EN-US">23</span>會份。嘗會之宗旨係為「落魄遊魂」永享煙祀,而其儀式包含「春則祀塚,秋則祭亭」。嘗會成立後,分別在道光<span lang="EN-US">22</span>年(<span lang="EN-US">1842</span>)與大正<span lang="EN-US">15</span>年(<span lang="EN-US">1926</span>,即昭和元年)重新整理會份簿冊,而其祭典至少在<span lang="EN-US">17</span>年(<span lang="EN-US">1942</span>)仍正常運作。目前該會維持<span lang="EN-US">23</span>會份,每年農曆八月十九日尚在大北坑街<span lang="EN-US">542</span>號常設案桌,舉行秋祭,並擁有土地約六甲。春祭究竟停辦多久,尚待查考,現地亦無墳塚。本文將依該嘗會之史料與傳說,梳理其革沿,討論其祭祀對象與神格,並釐清其與義民信仰以及龍潭街區之「清故義友諸君墓」之間的關係。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">沿革<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">關於三洽水義盛嘗之歷史,最重要的文書是該嘗會帳簿之「引言」,該引言由黃厚山所撰寫,其文最後有「</span><span face="標楷體" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">道光貳拾貳年壬寅歲桐月上澣依老簿抄明</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">」,亦即<span lang="EN-US">1842</span>年農曆三月上旬重新抄寫嘗會之舊帳簿;同時文中尚有「</span><span face="標楷體" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">於道光戊子仲春,爰集同人,念共粵籍,情聯友誼;遂湊貳拾餘分,津歛谷碩,共成祀典。</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">」明確地表明該嘗會係道光戊子,亦即道光<span lang="EN-US">8</span>年(<span lang="EN-US">1828</span>)由<span lang="EN-US">20</span>餘人,共同繳納穀物作為會費,以辦理祭典。同一帳簿又有「</span><span face="標楷體" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">大正丙寅年立有新簿貳本,每回結算,原有老簿壹本及土地契字佃人贌約暨交于李慶相收存。</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">」可知目前這一簿冊實係大正<span lang="EN-US">15</span>年(<span lang="EN-US">1926</span>)重抄舊簿,又立定規約,所完成的新簿。另外,當會份所有人有所異動時,便會註記在會友姓名下方空白處,最後一筆異動為昭和十七年(<span lang="EN-US">1942</span>),可以推論春秋二祭的儀典應該至少在<span lang="EN-US">1942</span>年仍正常運作。<a href="https://nycu1-my.sharepoint.com/personal/asiilo_m365_nycu_edu_tw/Documents/04%E6%9C%8D%E5%8B%99/03%E9%A1%A7%E5%95%8F/%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%97%E5%9D%91%E7%BE%A9%E6%B0%91%E5%98%97asii.docx#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""新細明體",serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>最後,依前述<span lang="EN-US">1926</span>年批明之規約,內有「</span><span face="標楷體" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">土地契字佃人贌約</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">」文句,可知最慢在這一年,義盛嘗已擁有土地,並且贌給佃農耕種。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">神格<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">義盛嘗成立於道光八年(<span lang="EN-US">1828</span>),依其引言推敲,所葬係粵籍遺骸,但道光<span lang="EN-US">22</span>年(<span lang="EN-US">1842</span>)這篇引言,卻將這些「</span><span face="標楷體" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">落魄遊魂</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">」,視為「褒忠」義民。茲依原文分析如下:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin-left: 21pt; margin-right: 21pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 2.0gd;"><span face="標楷體" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">嘗思戰陣出,固資士卒之武備;而敵愾禦侮,尤藉蒼赤而知方。蓋古者雖寓兵於農,亦由民有信義,方可以釋耒耜以修戈矛,而同仇偕作者也。顧五常首仁而次義,制事本義為裁成,是義之於人,誠足重矣。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin-left: 21pt; margin-right: 21pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 2.0gd;"><span face="標楷體" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">遐想當年,東都遭變,寇虐為仇;三軍將帥,征戎啟釁。爾時託業黎庶,氣奮雷霆;<span style="font-emphasize: dot;">故荷戟從行者,竟舍生而取義</span>;思除暴而安良。既而海晏邦寧,人皆得樂業安生於此地者,正賴其有此佐國之力耳。於是志感蒼昊,名隆清國,深嘉其大義,克明有忠君愛國之忱,故錫曰<span style="font-emphasize: dot;">褒忠</span>。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.0pt; margin-right: 21.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 21pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm;"><span face="標楷體" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">予等亦顧名而思義,<span style="font-emphasize: dot;">骸藏於塚土,神必聚乎巍亭</span>,則春秋之祀典誰屬?就於</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> </span><span face="標楷體" style="font-emphasize: dot; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">道光戊子仲春</span><span face="標楷體" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,爰集同人,念共粵籍,情聯友誼;遂湊貳拾餘分,津歛谷碩,共成祀典,為嘗之息生放。每年議定,春則祀塚;秋則祭亭為期。但得<span style="font-emphasize: dot;">落魄遊魂,永享無窮之煙祀</span>;庶幾備物盡志,常伸薦獻之禮文。是為引。</span><a href="https://nycu1-my.sharepoint.com/personal/asiilo_m365_nycu_edu_tw/Documents/04%E6%9C%8D%E5%8B%99/03%E9%A1%A7%E5%95%8F/%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%97%E5%9D%91%E7%BE%A9%E6%B0%91%E5%98%97asii.docx#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span face=""新細明體",serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.0pt; margin-right: 21.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 21pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span face="標楷體" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">黃厚山撰并書</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 21.0pt; margin-right: 21.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 21pt 12pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm;"><span face="標楷體" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">道光貳拾貳年壬寅歲桐月上澣</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">本引文可分成三段解讀,首段說明「</span><span face="標楷體" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">寓兵於農,亦由民有信義</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">」;次段「</span><span face="標楷體" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">東都遭變,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">…</span><span face="標楷體" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">三軍</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">…</span><span face="標楷體" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">征戎,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">…</span><span face="標楷體" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">荷戟從行者,竟舍生而取義,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">…</span><span face="標楷體" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">錫曰褒忠。</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">」係引述林爽文事件史實,粵籍隨軍出征而陣亡者,受封「褒忠」;末段記錄了道光戊子(<span lang="EN-US">1828</span>)粵籍會友(<span lang="EN-US">23</span>人)相信「</span><span face="標楷體" style="font-emphasize: dot; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">骸藏於塚土,神必聚乎巍亭</span><span face="標楷體" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">」,</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">於是</span><span face="標楷體" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「念共粵籍,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">…</span><span face="標楷體" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">津歛谷碩,共成祀典,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">…</span><span face="標楷體" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">春則祀塚,秋則祭亭,但得<span style="font-emphasize: dot;">落魄遊魂永享無窮之煙祀</span></span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">」。換言之,原本可能淪為無主孤魂的遺骸,經由居民組成嘗會,辦理祭祀,再加上知識份子的論述,於是昇華為死於國事的褒忠義民。此一神格之提昇,與新竹新埔枋寮褒忠亭的傳統完全相符。<a href="https://nycu1-my.sharepoint.com/personal/asiilo_m365_nycu_edu_tw/Documents/04%E6%9C%8D%E5%8B%99/03%E9%A1%A7%E5%95%8F/%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%97%E5%9D%91%E7%BE%A9%E6%B0%91%E5%98%97asii.docx#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""新細明體",serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">祭典<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">依〈義盛嘗引〉之正文有「</span><span face="標楷體" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">每年議定,春則祀塚,秋則祭亭。</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">」同時議定規條「</span><span face="標楷體" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">每年春祀義塚限貳月初五日為期,不得移越,永為定規;每年秋祭褒忠義民限八月拾九為期,不得移越,永遠定規。</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">」可見成立嘗會後,即固定春秋二祭,分祀塚亭。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">依江增平口述,目前秋祭義民亭仍在大北坑街<span lang="EN-US">542</span>號如期舉行。其祭祀備有豬隻,係由佃耕義盛嘗土地之佃農提供;但前幾年老佃農過世,亦未有續耕者,因此就未再準備豬隻了。至於春祭則停止<span lang="EN-US">20</span>年以上,甚至會員並不知悉有春祭之事,係江增平依〈義盛嘗祀典簿〉引文得知,才喚起在地記憶。同時,江增平也表示,先前春祭係參與位於龍潭區福龍路三段與大昌路一段交界處附近的「清故義友諸君墓」<a href="https://nycu1-my.sharepoint.com/personal/asiilo_m365_nycu_edu_tw/Documents/04%E6%9C%8D%E5%8B%99/03%E9%A1%A7%E5%95%8F/%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%97%E5%9D%91%E7%BE%A9%E6%B0%91%E5%98%97asii.docx#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""新細明體",serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>,並不在三洽水。然而,依徐鳳園(2022/12/13)訪談李茂洲(1938-)所知,「清故義友諸君墓」最近幾年的正月十五日僅自己一人去祭義民。從前則有幾位家族成員或八張犁居民有人祭拜。從前李茂洲之父健在時,五大節祭拜,不過未曾聽說有其他團體或是私人定時春秋二祭。更久的印象是未上小學時,正月十五之後到清明,都會有人陸續來燒香,幾位同伴就坐在旁邊等著「分醮墓」,但也不曾見過有隆重的儀式。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">筆者前往田調時,所見義民亭現址係一簡陋之磚砌家屋,殘破而無人居住。屋內有一神桌,桌上未見神像、神位牌、香旗或香爐等,唯依江增平口述,曾有義民黑令旗;調查團員先前曾見有疑似三太子神像。究竟義盛嘗目前秋祭如何辦理,唯有訪談祭典辦理人,或明年秋祭再次田調。又如若取得其祀典簿,則可依其收支推得日治祭典規模。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">遺骸<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">義盛嘗所祀義塚位於何處呢?所葬究竟為何人?目前所知線索尚無法確認。首先,並不排除是新埔枋寮褒忠亭。三洽水屬霄裡溪流域,順流而下,即為新埔,距枋寮褒忠亭約<span lang="EN-US">14</span>公里,可以屬於新埔鎮生活圈。類似區位與距離的新埔鎮清水里(汶水坑),即有義民嘗,目前仍留有道光<span lang="EN-US">13</span>年春祭義民塚之史料。<a href="https://nycu1-my.sharepoint.com/personal/asiilo_m365_nycu_edu_tw/Documents/04%E6%9C%8D%E5%8B%99/03%E9%A1%A7%E5%95%8F/%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%97%E5%9D%91%E7%BE%A9%E6%B0%91%E5%98%97asii.docx#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""新細明體",serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>換言之,三洽水義盛嘗有可能是前往新埔祭祀,而非在大北坑。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">不過,依目前口述資料,義盛嘗之亭祭係於大北坑街<span lang="EN-US">542</span>號舉行,也曾前往「清故義友諸君之墓」春祭。如口述屬實,則或許可以據此判斷,道光八年之前,三洽水居民即前往龍潭街區,參與「清故義友諸君之墓」春祭;並且在三洽水設亭祭祀。至道光八年,<span lang="EN-US">23</span>位居民組成嘗會,籌集經費,並議定春秋二祭,分祀塚亭。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">那麼「清故義友諸君之墓」這些無主遺骸所葬何人?依前述「典藏臺灣」網站資料,徐榮俊、劉金花與劉湘華等<span lang="EN-US">2011</span>年所訪查資料,這座古墓埋葬的是清道光七年(<span lang="EN-US">1827</span>)分類械鬥的死難者。這一推論係由目前墓碑有道光丁亥字樣,可知時間;而署名為「桃澗
竹二 保眾立」,亦即「『桃』仔園與『澗』仔壢」保與竹北二保,可知與籍貫分類有關。又由於道光六年(<span lang="EN-US">1836</span>)淡水廳有嚴重械鬥<a href="https://nycu1-my.sharepoint.com/personal/asiilo_m365_nycu_edu_tw/Documents/04%E6%9C%8D%E5%8B%99/03%E9%A1%A7%E5%95%8F/%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%97%E5%9D%91%E7%BE%A9%E6%B0%91%E5%98%97asii.docx#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""新細明體",serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>,龍潭附近的死難者,就葬於此處。<a href="https://nycu1-my.sharepoint.com/personal/asiilo_m365_nycu_edu_tw/Documents/04%E6%9C%8D%E5%8B%99/03%E9%A1%A7%E5%95%8F/%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%97%E5%9D%91%E7%BE%A9%E6%B0%91%E5%98%97asii.docx#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""新細明體",serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">依此推論,「清故義友諸君之墓」所葬本係分類械鬥無主孤魂,但如前所言,三洽水義盛嘗會友的祭典與黃厚山道光<span lang="EN-US">22</span>年引文,則把這批無主遺骸等同於褒忠義民。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">財產<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">依本案林献祥團隊線上調研,桃園縣政府(今桃園市政府)清查公告之土地及建物清冊,位於龍潭區新北坑段之<span lang="EN-US">1205-0000</span>、<span lang="EN-US">1272-0000</span>、<span lang="EN-US">1199-0000</span>、<span lang="EN-US">1196-0000</span>、<span lang="EN-US">1198-0000</span>、<span lang="EN-US">1200-0000</span>、<span lang="EN-US">1203-0000</span>、<span lang="EN-US">1195-0000</span>、<span lang="EN-US">1183-000</span>、<span lang="EN-US">1186-0000</span>等地號,<span lang="EN-US">10</span>筆土地登記名義人為義民嘗,其中<span lang="EN-US">1272-0000</span>地號土地登記名義人為祭祀公業義民嘗。這<span lang="EN-US">10</span>筆土地位於大北坑街,鄰近龍新路三水段周邊。並依據地理位置,約訪陳鉦翰先生時,由陳鉦翰先生偕同前往位於為義民嘗所有權人之土地,陳鉦翰先生指出該土地範圍以羅家聚落為邊界,下至北坑溪,上至山稜線,而義民亭遺址即位於該土地範圍內。這批土地應該就是義盛嘗所推有的六甲土地。<a href="https://nycu1-my.sharepoint.com/personal/asiilo_m365_nycu_edu_tw/Documents/04%E6%9C%8D%E5%8B%99/03%E9%A1%A7%E5%95%8F/%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%97%E5%9D%91%E7%BE%A9%E6%B0%91%E5%98%97asii.docx#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""新細明體",serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">結論<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">依目前研究,筆者有條件地推論,大北坑義民嘗正式的名稱為「三洽水義盛嘗」,成立於道光<span lang="EN-US">8</span>年(<span lang="EN-US">1828</span>),已接近<span lang="EN-US">200</span>年。原本祭祀分類械鬥之無主孤魂,但是在道光<span lang="EN-US">22</span>年時,本區居民已視之為褒忠義民,並以春秋二祭,分祀塚亭。目前該嘗之會友仍為當初成立之時之<span lang="EN-US">23</span>會份,並且擁有六甲土地,以其租金作為祀典費用,但僅存農曆八月十九日之亭祭。至於所祀墳塚,或許就是「清故義友諸君之墓」,唯尚待進一步查考。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">贅語一二,儘管如上結論,仍不能排除「三洽水義盛嘗」其實是以新竹新埔枋寮褒忠義民廟為祭祀對象的神明會之可能性。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">附錄<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">大北坑之〈三洽水義盛嘗引〉<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.0pt; margin-right: 21.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 21pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm;"><span face="標楷體" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">嘗思戰陣出,固資士卒之武備;而敵愾禦侮,尤藉蒼赤而知方。蓋古者雖寓兵於農,亦由民有信義,方可以釋耒耜以修戈矛,而同仇偕作者也。顧五常首仁而次義,制<span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;">爭</span>本義為裁成,是義之於人,誠足重矣。遐想當年,東都遭變,寇虐為仇;三軍將帥,征戎啟釁。爾時託業黎庶,氣奮雷霆;故荷戟從行者,竟舍生而取義;思除暴而安良。既而海晏邦寧,人皆得樂業安生於此地者,正賴其有此佐國之力耳。於是志感蒼昊,名隆清國,深嘉其大義,克明有忠君愛國之忱,故錫曰褒忠。予等亦顧名而思義,骸藏於塚土,神必聚乎巍亭,則春秋之祀典誰屬?就於</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> </span><span face="標楷體" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">道光戊子仲春,爰集同人,念共粵籍,情聯友誼;遂湊貳拾餘分,津歛谷碩,共成祀典,為嘗之息生放。<a name="_Hlk119846924">每年議定,春則祀塚;秋則祭亭為期。</a>但得落魄遊魂永享無窮之煙祀;庶幾備物盡志長伸薦獻之禮文。是為引。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.0pt; margin-right: 21.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 21pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span face="標楷體" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">黃厚山撰并書</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.0pt; margin-right: 21.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 21pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm;"><span face="標楷體" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">道光貳拾貳年壬寅歲桐月上澣,依老簿抄明人各姓名祀分及規條,臚列於左。眾議規條開列:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 21.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 21pt 0cm 45pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -24pt;"><span face="標楷體" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">一議每年春祀義塚限貳月初五日為期,不得移越,永為定規。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 21.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 21pt 0cm 45pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -24pt;"><span face="標楷體" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">一議每年秋祭褒忠義民限八月拾九為期,不得移越,永遠定規。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 33.0pt; margin-right: 21.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 21pt 0cm 33pt; mso-char-indent-count: -1.0; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -12pt;"><span face="標楷體" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">一議嘗內計貳拾參份數,不得拆還,以為祭典之需。若向招人頂退,要通眾說明方準,不得私相頂退,立規為照。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 33.0pt; margin-right: 21.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 21pt 0cm 33pt; mso-char-indent-count: -1.0; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -12pt;"><span face="標楷體" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">一、嘗內設立有新簿貳本,交李慶相收存一本;又交邱金生收存一本。當日議定每年春秋兩祭祀之期日,決定將簿呇提到,兩本共同過簿,不得延誤,是實為照。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 33.0pt; margin-right: 21.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 21pt 0cm 33pt; mso-char-indent-count: -1.0; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -12pt;"><span face="標楷體" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">一、大正丙寅年之有新簿貳本,每回結算,原有老簿壹本及土地契字佃人贌約暨交于李慶相收存。日後倘有要用,隨時取出,不得兜匿。立批為照。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
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<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="https://nycu1-my.sharepoint.com/personal/asiilo_m365_nycu_edu_tw/Documents/04%E6%9C%8D%E5%8B%99/03%E9%A1%A7%E5%95%8F/%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%97%E5%9D%91%E7%BE%A9%E6%B0%91%E5%98%97asii.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span face=""新細明體",serif" lang="ZH-CN" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">由文由「桃園市龍潭區大北坑客庄傳統文化調查研究計畫」執行團隊</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">德立行銷顧問有限公司林献祥委託及提供相關資料,並於</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">2022/11/11</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">下午</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">14:00-16:00</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">前往現地田調及與江增平討論。本文以下提及江增平口述,即本次田調訪談所得。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="https://nycu1-my.sharepoint.com/personal/asiilo_m365_nycu_edu_tw/Documents/04%E6%9C%8D%E5%8B%99/03%E9%A1%A7%E5%95%8F/%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%97%E5%9D%91%E7%BE%A9%E6%B0%91%E5%98%97asii.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">三洽水目前行政區域屬於桃園市龍潭區三水里,主要聚落位於霄裡溪、北坑溪與南坑溪匯流處,本案大北坑屬於其小地名。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="https://nycu1-my.sharepoint.com/personal/asiilo_m365_nycu_edu_tw/Documents/04%E6%9C%8D%E5%8B%99/03%E9%A1%A7%E5%95%8F/%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%97%E5%9D%91%E7%BE%A9%E6%B0%91%E5%98%97asii.docx#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">依居民說法,稱為義民嘗,但是依</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">2019</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年所拍攝到的會員代表名冊影像,則稱為「義盛嘗」。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="https://nycu1-my.sharepoint.com/personal/asiilo_m365_nycu_edu_tw/Documents/04%E6%9C%8D%E5%8B%99/03%E9%A1%A7%E5%95%8F/%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%97%E5%9D%91%E7%BE%A9%E6%B0%91%E5%98%97asii.docx#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">目前尚未取得帳簿原件,如果能查考帳簿逐年收支,則將能更明確地了解嘗會運作的實況。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="https://nycu1-my.sharepoint.com/personal/asiilo_m365_nycu_edu_tw/Documents/04%E6%9C%8D%E5%8B%99/03%E9%A1%A7%E5%95%8F/%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%97%E5%9D%91%E7%BE%A9%E6%B0%91%E5%98%97asii.docx#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span face=""新細明體",serif" lang="ZH-CN" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">筆者依原文</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">分段、標校,並加重點。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="https://nycu1-my.sharepoint.com/personal/asiilo_m365_nycu_edu_tw/Documents/04%E6%9C%8D%E5%8B%99/03%E9%A1%A7%E5%95%8F/%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%97%E5%9D%91%E7%BE%A9%E6%B0%91%E5%98%97asii.docx#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">參見羅烈師,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">2017</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,〈英靈與時疫:義民信仰的中元之疑〉。刊於陳惠齡編,《自然、人文與科技的共構交響》,頁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">269-290</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。臺北市:萬卷樓。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 10pt; mso-char-indent-count: -1.0; text-indent: -10pt;"><a href="https://nycu1-my.sharepoint.com/personal/asiilo_m365_nycu_edu_tw/Documents/04%E6%9C%8D%E5%8B%99/03%E9%A1%A7%E5%95%8F/%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%97%E5%9D%91%E7%BE%A9%E6%B0%91%E5%98%97asii.docx#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">參考典藏臺灣網站之「中山村清故義友諸君墓」條,普查人員徐榮俊</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">;</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">劉金花</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">;</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">劉湘華,建檔日期</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">2011-08-15</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,</span><span lang="EN-US">http://catalog.digitalarchives.tw/item/00/65/9a/c6.html</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" lang="ZH-CN" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">2022/11/20</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">瀏覽。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="https://nycu1-my.sharepoint.com/personal/asiilo_m365_nycu_edu_tw/Documents/04%E6%9C%8D%E5%8B%99/03%E9%A1%A7%E5%95%8F/%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%97%E5%9D%91%E7%BE%A9%E6%B0%91%E5%98%97asii.docx#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">參見羅烈師,〈新竹枋寮義民廟初期祭典的關鍵史料〉。《新竹文獻》第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">73</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">期,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">2020</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="https://nycu1-my.sharepoint.com/personal/asiilo_m365_nycu_edu_tw/Documents/04%E6%9C%8D%E5%8B%99/03%E9%A1%A7%E5%95%8F/%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%97%E5%9D%91%E7%BE%A9%E6%B0%91%E5%98%97asii.docx#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">參見林偉盛</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">1991</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,〈清代臺灣分類械鬥的研究介紹〉。《臺北文獻》,第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">98</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">號,臺北文獻委員會。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="https://nycu1-my.sharepoint.com/personal/asiilo_m365_nycu_edu_tw/Documents/04%E6%9C%8D%E5%8B%99/03%E9%A1%A7%E5%95%8F/%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%97%E5%9D%91%E7%BE%A9%E6%B0%91%E5%98%97asii.docx#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span face=""新細明體",serif" lang="ZH-CN" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">依地方傳說原有清兵在此駐守屯墾,死後而為無主遺骸;唯此說欠缺歷史實據,姑暫列於此,以存其說。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="https://nycu1-my.sharepoint.com/personal/asiilo_m365_nycu_edu_tw/Documents/04%E6%9C%8D%E5%8B%99/03%E9%A1%A7%E5%95%8F/%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%97%E5%9D%91%E7%BE%A9%E6%B0%91%E5%98%97asii.docx#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span face=""新細明體",serif" lang="ZH-CN" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">依桃園市龍潭區大北坑客庄傳統文化調查研究林献祥團隊調查成果</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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</div>大學、客庄與老街http://www.blogger.com/profile/14881989716307424626noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1695181431448501431.post-22954518878537397202022-12-06T21:21:00.003+08:002022-12-06T21:21:34.368+08:00喪葬儀式的交換制度與客家地方社會結構<p> </p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">喪葬儀式的交換制度與客家地方社會結構<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">羅烈師<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">清華大學人類學研究所<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">新竹縣老湖口有句諺語:「行使會親」(<span lang="EN-US">hang
sii voi chin</span>)。<a href="file:///F:/%E5%8E%9F%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99%E5%A4%BE/05%E5%9C%96%E8%B3%87/%E8%91%97%E4%BD%9C/%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0/%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0/%E5%96%AA%E8%91%AC%E5%84%80%E5%BC%8F%E7%9A%84%E4%BA%A4%E6%8F%9B%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6%E8%88%87%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8B.DOC#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>意指持續地交往就能維持親戚間的親密關係。本文以為,這句話究極的意義是:真實社會生活中的親屬關係是被儀式上的交換行為所界定的。本文以此地發生於西元<span lang="EN-US">1996</span>年一個喪葬實例,說明喪葬儀式中的挺手(<span lang="EN-US">then shiou</span>)<a href="file:///F:/%E5%8E%9F%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99%E5%A4%BE/05%E5%9C%96%E8%B3%87/%E8%91%97%E4%BD%9C/%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0/%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0/%E5%96%AA%E8%91%AC%E5%84%80%E5%BC%8F%E7%9A%84%E4%BA%A4%E6%8F%9B%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6%E8%88%87%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8B.DOC#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>與搭禮(<span lang="EN-US">tap li</span>),正是這種交換行為的典型。雖然家戶的喪葬儀式有其自身的意義,並非為了建構地方社會而舉行,但是這種透過交換行為所建立的人際關係網絡,卻是形塑地方社會的主要路徑。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<h1 style="margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 14.0pt;">文獻回顧</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></h1>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">家族與宗族之類的親屬研究,向來是臺灣人類學界關於漢人地方社會研究的一個重要主題。人類學中有關文化的概念是二十世紀思潮中,最重要並最具影響力的一個觀念。然而人類學家對於這個重要觀念的用法,卻既不精確,也不一致。美國人類學者古納夫(<span lang="EN-US">Goodenough</span>)於<span lang="EN-US">1960</span>年代區分指引行為的模式(<span lang="EN-US">model of behavior</span>)與屬於行為的模式(<span lang="EN-US">model for
behavior</span>)二者,藉以釐清歷來關於文化定義的紛爭。前者指的是指導人類行為的理念體系,後者則為行為本身與物質的佈局與社會的佈局(<span lang="EN-US">Keesing 1981:203</span>)。也就是說,前者所關切的是理念的,接近於唯心的;後者所注意的是實體的,接近於唯物的。正如不同學者對文化在定義上分別強調心物之一端,學者對於中國漢人社會之宗族的研究也各自強調心物之一端。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">宗族研究的最初典範由傅利曼提出,此一典範的特色在於主張東南中國邊疆困難的物質條件,促使親屬法則發展為一個活躍的宗族社會。在這一著眼點下,財產對宗族的成立具有關鍵性的意義(<span lang="EN-US">Freedman 1958:2-4</span>)。孔邁隆(<span lang="EN-US">Myron Cohen</span>)更細緻的觀察這個地方宗族社會的實際運作過程,他強調宗族財產與逐漸加深的商品化社會之間的互動關係,祖先崇拜與其他領域的民間宗教信仰可以一併視為提供地方社會一個組織法則,這一宗教形式的共同基金作為一法人團體則為中國晚清的經濟文化所催化,也因此具有財產權商品化、廣泛的使用契約及股份制等特徵(孔邁隆<span lang="EN-US"> 1993:1-2</span>)。傅利曼與孔邁隆的觀察焦點是地方社會,對國家地位甚少著墨。蕭鳳霞(<span lang="EN-US">Helen
Siu</span>)與傅大衛(<span lang="EN-US">David Faure</span>)則關切帝國政治與地方社會的互動關係。蕭與傅以更新的史料說明宗族社會、地方經濟與帝國隱喻勾連在一起。從珠江三角洲宗族的成長與土地開發這一過程看來,我們可以視宗族為一個控制土地的法人,此種土地的控制係藉多重地權的土地利用模式,並透過巧妙而隱晦的文化政治手段而達成(<span lang="EN-US">Siu and Faure 1995:1-15</span>)。類似的觀點是杜贊奇(<span lang="EN-US">Prasenjit
Duara</span>)與黃宗智(<span lang="EN-US">Philip Huang</span>)在華北的研究,只是華北地方社會欠缺華南式的家族型態,因此帝國對地方社會的介入更直接而明顯。對研究者而言,宗族幾乎已經不是一個可以研究的課題。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">與傅利曼及其追隨者大相逕庭的是陳其南的純理念體系的「房」概念。陳其南認為傅利曼等人的宗族研究只是功能性研究,根本不是宗族研究本身。他從「婦女地位的歸屬、財產所有和共享的差別、贅婚安排的權力義務關係、過房收養與螟蛉子收養的不同、『宗族』的定義和『分支』形態等問題,證明漢人親屬制度中系譜概念之獨立性和優先性……中國社會的親屬結構是獨立存在的,而且實際上優先於其他社會制度」(陳其南<span lang="EN-US"> 1990:205-6</span>)。陳其南這一純理念的主張其來有自,林耀華(<span lang="EN-US">1986</span>)與李亦園(<span lang="EN-US">1982</span>)對中國漢人社會的結構原則提出所謂均衡模式,而近來莊孔韶(<span lang="EN-US">1996</span>)也將這一模式修正為所謂的類蛛網模式。從林、李、莊的觀念看陳其南,正好可以說明純系譜的房概念其實就是均衡模式在宗族範圍上的一種呈現。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">對於傅利曼等人而言,宗族是特定政治經濟環境所造成的結果,然而陳其南卻認定宗族自有其獨立意義,不可與政治經濟功能混淆。依傅利曼追隨者之見,則宗族幾乎不是一個值得研究的課題,只是討論某種政治經濟現象的方便名詞;對於陳其南而言,則難以用房概念之類的純理念,說明複雜而龐大的政治經濟現象;而這種困境正是前述文化定義的兩面。這種文化層次的心物爭論,表現在社會生活上,即是行動與思想的兩極。這種行動與思想兩個層面的整合問題,始終是儀式研究的主要進路(<span lang="EN-US">Bell 1992:21</span>)。而實際上,這一從儀式的角度觀察漢人地方社會構成法則的研究進路,也已有初步成果(林美容<span lang="EN-US"> 1986.1997</span>、莊英章<span lang="EN-US"> 1994</span>、魏捷茲<span lang="EN-US"> 1996</span>、羅烈師<span lang="EN-US">1997</span>)。這些研究分別以儀式祭祀組織及祭祀行為中的禮物交換行為,剖析地方社會的構成法則。只是嚴格地說,這些研究雖然都著眼於儀式,但是基本上仍屬於行為的層面,並未真正進入思想的層面。因此,本文即企圖以一實際的喪葬儀式說明這一儀式在整合行為與思想這二者上,所扮演的角色。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<h1 style="margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 14.0pt;">老湖口<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></h1>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">湖口鄉位於臺灣省新竹縣北端,北與桃園縣楊梅鎮毗鄰,東、南、西三面則分別與同縣新埔鎮、竹北市、及新豐鄉接壤(參考圖一)。鄉域居於湖口臺地北緣、紅毛港溪上游,平地生產水稻,山坡地則種植茶葉與水果。興建於二十世紀初期的湖口老街是本鄉十九世紀中期至二十世紀三十年代的商業、行政及信仰中心,西元<span lang="EN-US">1929</span>年之後,隨著舊鐵路改道,其中心地位逐漸被三公里外鐵路新站所在的新湖口取代,於是乃有老湖口之稱。居民的日常生活語言是以海陸豐客家話為主,四縣客家話也在部份居民間流通。國民政府遷臺後,設裝甲營區於本鄉,外省人口流入;隨著工業區於<span lang="EN-US">1980</span>年代開發完成,及新湖口商業興盛,閩南人口亦逐漸進入鄉內。不過大體而言,本鄉仍屬客家社區。老湖口的共同信仰是三元宮,主祭神是三宮大帝,但是陪祀的媽祖亦具有十分重要的地位。湖口、湖鏡、北窩、羊喜窩、糞箕窩、長嶺等六個村輪值擔任爐主,辦理每年的各項祭祀事宜(羅烈師<span lang="EN-US"> 1997: 61-3</span>)。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihb9HuH7nVkh8agnTK8ghIefOe7W7gSntlmeWVjuwc2_h6J97Aze-zPL-P8xELhTcf8-eNn4tm-f3ySHHCQuFOvQRkBtqzmjB47hgBsDsx_uhX7SXAtvXmitDrmnWgBH-U3VCcEFgZBRx3Ua4x4qWEdYY5aIwtjjKyKm0fZGtcvLBwW4VzrYy6oFbMgw/s553/%E6%B9%96%E5%8F%A3.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="394" data-original-width="553" height="228" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihb9HuH7nVkh8agnTK8ghIefOe7W7gSntlmeWVjuwc2_h6J97Aze-zPL-P8xELhTcf8-eNn4tm-f3ySHHCQuFOvQRkBtqzmjB47hgBsDsx_uhX7SXAtvXmitDrmnWgBH-U3VCcEFgZBRx3Ua4x4qWEdYY5aIwtjjKyKm0fZGtcvLBwW4VzrYy6oFbMgw/s320/%E6%B9%96%E5%8F%A3.png" width="320" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">十九世紀的老湖口是個以宗族為核心的地方社會,同族之人聚居一處,大部份的土地所有權及灌溉權掌握在宗族或宗族成員手中。這些宗族擁有「公號」以對外自稱,例如:「陳四源」、「張六和」、「羅合和」、「戴拾和」、「周三合」、「周義和」「黃六成」、「盧電光」等,還各自擁有一個可供祭祀的「公廳」,廳內供奉歷代祖先的牌位。除了用公號外,口語上也經常用陳屋、戴屋、周屋、羅屋稱呼這些家族。這些宗族之外的居民,則往往隨著佃權之有無而遷入遷出。但是同姓之間仍形成某種程度的親緣關係,例如不屬於羅合和的羅鵬申派下子孫,即於<span lang="EN-US">1847</span>年佃耕羅合和土地後,便一直留在老湖口。於是老湖口便有大羅、小羅之分。大羅擁有較大的財力,小羅則精通文墨及儀式,二者相當程度的結合在一起(羅烈師<span lang="EN-US"> 1997:37-43</span>)。這種宗族現象演變至今,雖然已和當初面貌有所差異,但是直至今日,老湖口的宗族勢力仍十分明顯。此外,宗族之上則有更廣泛,而且頗具彈性,可以自由參加的宗族組織是「宗親會」。此一宗親會的範圍包括新豐湖口兩鄉的同姓人,甚至許多遠在本省各地離村的族人也在參加之列,組織名稱是「湖口新豐兩鄉羅姓宗親會」,目前的族長是老湖口的大羅人。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">湖口人過逝後,經過「小歛」(<span lang="EN-US">siau
liam</span>)、「大歛」(<span lang="EN-US">thai liam</span>)、「成服」(<span lang="EN-US">sh<span style="display: none; mso-hide: all;">hhh</span>in fuk</span>),請和尚(<span lang="EN-US">vo shong</span>)來「作齋」(<span lang="EN-US">co zai</span>),而後舉行公祭及家祭等告別式,便「還山」(<span lang="EN-US">van san</span>)安葬。一般而言,從過逝到安葬各儀式通常在三天至七天內辦理完畢。特別是作齋到安葬這連續二十四小時,從中午到隔天中午,兩天一夜的儀式,是喪葬儀式的高潮,而這也正是本文分析的重點所在。從死亡之日算起,每七日喪家請和尚來家中舉行一場法事,稱為「做七」(<span lang="EN-US">co chit</span>),七七四十九日後,舉行「圓七」(<span lang="EN-US">jen chit</span>)法事。過逝後一百日及一週年也舉行儀式,三年之後,家屬打開棺木察看死者肉身,確定已腐化乾淨後,便行「撿骨」(<span lang="EN-US">kiam kut</span>)。最後卜擇吉日,骨骸「進塔」(<span lang="EN-US">chin thap</span>),與祖先的骨骸一起放在祖塔內。撿骨雖是客家普遍風俗,江西、福建、廣東與廣西的客家皆然(王增能<span lang="EN-US"> 1994</span>、楊彥杰<span lang="EN-US"> 1996.1997</span>、房學嘉<span lang="EN-US"> 1996.1997 </span>羅勇<span lang="EN-US"> 1997</span>、羅烈師<span lang="EN-US"> 1998</span>),南島民族亦有此風(<span lang="EN-US">Hertz 1960</span>),但是臺灣新竹的特色在於建立祖塔,把所有祖先的骨骸放在一起。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">對湖口人而言,生命的真正完成是「合火」(<span lang="EN-US">Kap fo</span>)。撿骨之後,一個湖口人的骨骸被放入祖塔;合火之後,他的名字也寫在公廳大牌之上。至此他的骨骸與名字將永遠與祖先同在,也同時成為祖先的一員,接受後代子孫共同的歲時祭祀。因此,老湖口的喪葬儀式不是一個獨立的儀式,它是一整套生命儀式的一環。這套生命儀式一方面關聯於個人漫長生命的最終定位,另一方面也促使後代子孫組成一個共同祭祀的團體。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">我所記錄的這個喪葬儀式發生於<span lang="EN-US">1996</span>年,往生者為小羅族人羅媽彭太孺人。本文置重點於彭太孺人過逝至還山安葬期間,所產生的勞務與金錢的交換行為,前者稱為「挺手」,後者為「搭禮」。事實上這種喪葬儀式的交換制度,在湖口其來有自,早在十九世紀已有所謂「長生嘗」之類的喪葬互助組織傳統(羅烈師<span lang="EN-US"> 1997:45</span>)。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h1 style="margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 14.0pt;">挺手</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></h1>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">喪葬儀式的進行,實際上是由擔任儀式專家的和尚主導,參與挺手者基本都只是協助和尚舉行儀式。對湖口人而言,挺手不是一個專有名詞,而是一個常用的普通語詞,而其意義大致上和國語所說的「幫忙」類似。日常生活中看到別人搬重物或做一些繁雜的工作時,都可以問對方是否需要挺手。但是本文作者以為婚喪喜慶,尤其是喪葬儀式中的挺手,具有十分特別的意義。因此我們可以把這種儀式上的勞務交換現象,視為一種制度,當也可以視為一個專有名詞。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">我們把老湖口喪葬儀式的挺手工作視為一個勞務交換制度,不是因為我們盲目地樂觀認定,而是因為在挺手工作的整體規畫上,它確實是相當制度化的。但是我們也不能單純的認定喪葬儀式的挺手完全是制度化的,因為實際的工作分配是相當鬆散而自願的。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">首先是關於挺手工作制度化的一面,老湖口有一份現成的「治喪工作分配名單」空白表格。這個表格據說是某個宗族為了工作分配的方便而編訂,後經其他宗族仿用並略加增補,而有目前格式,並普遍的被其他宗族所使用。挺手工作的分配由總幹事負責,下設七組:會計組、總務組、葬儀組、禮生組、出殯組、廚房組、其他等,各組只有組員,不設組長(參見表一)。除了縫製孝服及抬空棺之外,各組的工作絕大部份都在還山安葬前二十四小時進行。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">挺手工作整體規畫<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">彭太孺人歸天之後,消息很快的就傳到同姓的村長家。當村長來到喪家時,喪家已經把彭太孺人的遺體自房間移出至「廳下」(<span lang="EN-US">thang ha</span>),並經媳婦加以梳洗,穿上壽衣。帳內的彭太孺人沉睡般安詳地躺在地板的草席上,兒子、媳婦、女兒、孫女等隨侍在側。晚歸的女兒媳婦進來家門時,廳下一時又是一片哀淒嚎泣;而鄰人也陸陸續續前來上香。村長與隨後也趕到的羅氏宗親族長很快地就加入喪葬工作的討論行列,當擇日「先生」(<span lang="EN-US">sin sang</span>),也就是彭太孺人亡夫的門生送來擇定的日課,擔任治喪委員會的族長與擔任總幹事的村長經過和喪家的討論,便初步完成喪葬工作的規畫及日程。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">總務組<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">靈堂及式場的佈置由經營葬儀行業的羅氏宗親負責,他自新湖口載來器材,在前來挺手之人的協助下,先在喪家門口佈置好靈堂。各式來自女婿、門生、縣鄉長、立法委員、省縣議員代表的「糕盆」或花座擺在門前「店亭下」(<span lang="EN-US">tiam thin ha </span>騎樓)兩側,而各界的大型塑膠花圈則一一固定在廊柱或電線桿下,排滿整條老街,並一直延伸到縱貫公路上。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">表一:羅媽彭太孺人千古治喪工作分配名單<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; width: 569px;">
<tbody><tr>
<td style="background: #F2F2F2; border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-color: windowtext; border-left: 1.5pt; border-right: 1.0pt; border-style: solid; border-top: 1.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: .75pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: 1.5pt; mso-border-right-alt: .75pt; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: 1.5pt; mso-pattern: gray-5 auto; mso-shading: windowtext; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 72.3pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">職務<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="background: #F2F2F2; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid .75pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: solid .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: double 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid 1.5pt; mso-pattern: gray-5 auto; mso-shading: windowtext; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">負責人</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<td style="background: #F2F2F2; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid .75pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: double 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid 1.5pt; mso-pattern: gray-5 auto; mso-shading: windowtext; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="top" width="104">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">職務</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="background: #F2F2F2; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid .75pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: solid .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: double 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid 1.5pt; mso-pattern: gray-5 auto; mso-shading: windowtext; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 134.65pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">負責人</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: .75pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: 1.5pt; mso-border-right-alt: .75pt; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 72.3pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">主任委員<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid .75pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: solid .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: double 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">美日<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background: #F2F2F2; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid .75pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: double 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-right-alt: double 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-pattern: gray-5 auto; mso-shading: windowtext; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 212.6pt;" valign="top" width="283">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">禮生組</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 72.3pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">總幹事<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">美搖<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="top" width="104">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">祭祖<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 134.65pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">鴻振<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="background: #F2F2F2; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid .75pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: solid 1.5pt; mso-border-right-alt: double 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-pattern: gray-5 auto; mso-shading: windowtext; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 214.05pt;" valign="top" width="285">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">會計組</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="top" width="104">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">家祭<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 134.65pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">美瑞(國)<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: none; border-left: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 72.3pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">支出<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">美裕<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="top" width="104">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">祭靈<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 134.65pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">外家<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: none; border-left: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 72.3pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">收賻<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: none; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">世鑫、世佳、美瑞、美鄉<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="top" width="104">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">謝祖<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 134.65pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 72.3pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">、烈塘、美秀、美品<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="top" width="104">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">禮生<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 134.65pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">鴻振、美堅<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="background: #F2F2F2; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid .75pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: solid 1.5pt; mso-border-right-alt: double 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-pattern: gray-5 auto; mso-shading: windowtext; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 214.05pt;" valign="top" width="285">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">總務組</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background: #F2F2F2; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid .75pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: double 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-right-alt: double 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-pattern: gray-5 auto; mso-shading: windowtext; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 212.6pt;" valign="top" width="283">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">出殯組</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 72.3pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">文書對聯<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">森滿<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="top" width="104">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">開土皮<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 134.65pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">美星、欽火、英雄<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 72.3pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">廚房採購<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">鴻振、世春<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="top" width="104">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">抬棺召集<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 134.65pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">美燃、美保、鴻日<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 72.3pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">雜貨採購<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">鴻振、世春<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="top" width="104">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">封釘<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 134.65pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">外家<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 72.3pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">驗收<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">鴻逵、世春<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="top" width="104">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">副釘<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 134.65pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">美烔<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 72.3pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">腰絲管理<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">鴻立<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="top" width="104">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">交通管制<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 134.65pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">義警呂理鈞<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 72.3pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">燈光音響<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="top" width="104">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">車輛管理<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 134.65pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">鴻鈿、居河<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 72.3pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">開剪<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">(甜嫂)鴻振太太<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="top" width="104">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">陣頭指揮<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 134.65pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">美記、美錢(芳)<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 72.3pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">整理廳舍<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">美濁<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="top" width="104">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">大鼓管理<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 134.65pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">烈堂、英雄<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 72.3pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">祭品管理<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">鴻逵<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="top" width="104">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">撬鑼格<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 134.65pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">欽火<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 72.3pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">開鑼<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">外家<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="top" width="104">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">抬椅子<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 134.65pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 72.3pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">取杖<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">外家<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="top" width="104">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">把酒<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 134.65pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 72.3pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">接服<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">外家<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background: #F2F2F2; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid .75pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: double 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-right-alt: double 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-pattern: gray-5 auto; mso-shading: windowtext; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 212.6pt;" valign="top" width="283">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">廚房組</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="background: #F2F2F2; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid .75pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: solid 1.5pt; mso-border-right-alt: double 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-pattern: gray-5 auto; mso-shading: windowtext; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 214.05pt;" valign="top" width="285">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">葬儀組</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="top" width="104">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">廚師<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 134.65pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">陳根旺<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 72.3pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">監齋<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">欽火、烈堂<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="top" width="104">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">廚房管理<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 134.65pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">陳根旺<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 72.3pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">理壇<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">明和<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="top" width="104">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">煮飯<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 134.65pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">陳根旺<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 72.3pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">普渡<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">鴻逵<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="top" width="104">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">托盤<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 134.65pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">錦環、美錢、美城、美保<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 72.3pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">司儀<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">美搖、世佳<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="top" width="104">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">茶水<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 134.65pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 72.3pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">謝詞<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">美烔<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="top" width="104">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">餈粑<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 134.65pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">烈東<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 72.3pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">誄詞<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">鴻振<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="top" width="104">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">洗菜<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 134.65pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">廚師自任<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 72.3pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">赦書<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">美日<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="top" width="104">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">洗碗<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 134.65pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">廚師自任<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 72.3pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">輓聯管理<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">森滿、美保<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid .75pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: double 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-right-alt: double 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 212.6pt;" valign="top" width="283">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">接待組<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 72.3pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">花圈管理<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">美監<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="top" width="104">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">接待來賓<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 134.65pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">美機、世洞<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 72.3pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">接赦馬<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">美濁<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="top" width="104">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">接待外家<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 134.65pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">坪珍、乾滿<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 72.3pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">團祭<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">美烔<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="top" width="104">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">弔詞<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 134.65pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">世佳<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 72.3pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">式場佈置<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">大家、森滿<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="top" width="104">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">團祭登記<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 134.65pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">收賻兼任<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 72.3pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">點主<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">外家<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="top" width="104">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">簽到<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 134.65pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">收賻兼任<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 72.3pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">整理對聯<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">森滿<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background: #F2F2F2; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid .75pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: double 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-right-alt: double 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-pattern: gray-5 auto; mso-shading: windowtext; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 212.6pt;" valign="top" width="283">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">其他</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 72.3pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="top" width="104">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">龍袍管理<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 134.65pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">世鈞<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<tr style="mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border-left: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: 1.5pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: 1.5pt; mso-border-right-alt: .75pt; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 72.3pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid 1.5pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: double 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="top" width="104">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">雜務<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 134.65pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">世鈞<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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</tbody></table>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">資料來源:羅媽彭太孺人治喪委員會草稿,羅烈師整理並製表。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">縫製喪服的工作隔天就在店亭下展開,由經驗豐富、並且與喪家十分稔熟的小羅宗親「甜嫂」擔任總負責的「開剪」(<span lang="EN-US">khoi cien</span>)工作,宗親或鄰里婦女則前來「擎針」(<span lang="EN-US">kia zim</span>)。所謂擎針指的是縫製喪服,這件工作完全是女人的事,來擎針的女人有二種,一種是同姓宗親,另外就是喪家的鄰居。所有前來挺手擎針的婦女都是自動的,完全無須喪家或協助喪家料理喪事之族人通知。擎針的工作大約一天或半天,在湖口老街的「店亭下」,他們坐站幾張圓桌前,靈巧的裁剪與縫製。工作並不辛苦,他們總會利用機會低低的交談。剛過門的媳婦和婆婆同來,慢慢學會了擎針,更認識了親房或街上的女人們。甜嫂依據五服親等先行開剪,然而交由前來擎針的婦女,縫製喪服。她除了十分清楚各等服色外,並且熟稔喪家的親戚故舊,可以掌握正確的數量、服色與大小。出色的負責人甚至會提醒喪家不要遺漏了某位親戚,贏得細心能幹的美名;相反的萬一負責人出了差錯便將成為鄉里笑柄,認為她是個強出頭的人。她還要與那些管事的男人們密切配合:她要核算出正確的布匹數量交給採買負責人;掌握擎針的人數以便告訴廚房準備擎針當天的午餐;更重要的是她要把擎針的人數告知喪家,藉以準備紅包;而且在喪葬儀式期間,她還要隨時待命縫製臨時需要的喪服。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">廚房組<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">從彭太孺人往生那天起,喪家即不再煮飯燒菜,三餐委由他人代辦。喪家除了自己的三之外,還要負責前來挺手者的三餐。菜式及採買有總務組的廚房採購者負責,前者必定是由族內公認操守最佳,而且是喪家所信任的人擔任,因為他將經手一般喪葬儀式工作中最大筆的錢財開支。烹調的工作由「廚師」負責,洗菜與洗碗等工作有專人負責,還要有人負責客家的特有食品,餈粑,以作為臨時點心。還山當天席開五十桌,必須有人協助廚師將菜肴端到各桌。這個工作就是托盤,口語則叫「兜菜」(<span lang="EN-US">deu coi</span>)。即使桌席包給業者辦理,業者仍不負責兜菜。挺手兜菜的人主要是房內人,也是由一個廚房負責人將那些挺手的人點來兜菜。挺手兜菜的人也總要等到餐宴告一段落後,才能與送葬的家屬及抬重的人一同用餐。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">葬儀組及招待組<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">「和尚」是整個喪葬儀式的靈魂人物,彭太孺人之喪和老湖口其他的喪葬儀式一樣,都請也住在老街的吳姓和尚負責這次儀式。吳姓和尚是專業的喪葬儀式專家,他的父親自日據時代就開始從事這一行業,而今隨著他年事漸高,他的兒子已逐漸從助手成為他的接班人。在和尚執行儀式的過程中,需要有一至二人隨時待命一旁,擔任「理鑒齋」(<span lang="EN-US">li kam cai</span>)或「普渡」(<span lang="EN-US">phu thu</span>)工作,接受和尚的指示,擺放祭品、焚香、或其他雜務等。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">告別式進行前,負責會計工作者在式場入口前的店亭下擺置幾張桌子,以供收賻者收受奠儀。這個工作由族內素有名望的退休教師擔任,他除了要指揮幾位助手共同收受奠儀外,還要負責當日的支出,及最後的收支統計。他受過幽雅的漢學素養,字跡工整優美,也能迅速的用算盤計算。他還有豐富的經驗,熟諳喪葬事務,對整個喪葬儀式工作及挺手的人非常清楚,知道什麼錢該付,什麼錢該省。靈柩還山之後,他將收支情形一五一十的告訴喪家,並將結餘交給喪家。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">經一日夜的儀式後,次日十時舉行包含公祭、家祭及親友上香在內的告別式。告別式的靈魂人物是拿著麥克風,擔任司儀角色的治喪委員會主任委員及總幹事,也就是族長與村長。他們以流暢的國語、客家話甚至台語的能力、圓熟的人際關係手腕、以及對整個喪儀式的清楚知識,相貌堂堂的可以站上檯面。經由他們沈穩的指揮,使得整個喪葬儀式在莊嚴肅穆的氣氛中進行。負責招待工作的族內縣議員、鄉代會主席及代表等,不時穿梭在式場上與眾人寒喧,或者上前提醒司儀某某重要人物親臨致祭或委由秘書代表致祭。公祭前,由縣長向現場的與祭者介紹彭太孺人一生行止;家祭後,由曾任鄉長的羅氏宗親代表喪家,向到場的親戚故舊致謝詞。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">禮生組、出殯組<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">親戚故舊都拈香致祭後,靈柩準備移往公墓安葬。經擔任「禮生」職務之族業餘儀式專家「喊祭」(<span lang="EN-US">ham ci</span>)帶領下,外家封釘,家屬撫柩痛哭。此時「抬重」(<span lang="EN-US">thoi zhung</span>)者就定位,靈柩被抬離喪家。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">挺手工作中,體力負擔最重的就是出殯組的抬重工作,即抬棺至墓地安葬。所謂抬重指的就是抬棺材,因避諱說「棺材」而改說「重」,也可以說「抬老樹」(<span lang="EN-US">thoi lo shu</span>)。一次喪葬需要兩次挺手抬重,第一次是抬空棺,從店家抬到喪家;第二次則是還山安葬當天。在機動車輛尚普遍的時候,抬重是件十分辛苦的工作,因為從老湖口社區到鳳山寺公墓至少有三公里遠。現在抬重則輕鬆一些,只需要從喪家抬到縱貫路上,全程不超過三百公尺,其餘則交給車輛運送,人員也另行搭車到鳳山寺公墓後,負責抬棺下車及下葬。由於鳳山寺公墓空間有限,彭太孺人的墓穴位於眾墓錯雜間,甚至連行走都感困難,何況抬重。八個大漢都有多次抬重的經驗,儘管前後吆喝呼應,努力的避開其他墳墓,也只能蹣跚前行。一度溝通不妥,壓後之人大喊暫停。險象環生之下,喪家青壯子弟只得不顧避諱,一群人上前徒手托住棺木。正因抬重工作之艱鉅,因此即使體格強健、經驗豐富者,在被指定抬重時,有時仍會有所猶豫,甚至借故推拖。抬重的人對於喪葬儀式十分清楚,在孝子攔棺做孝(<span lang="EN-US"> lan kon co hau</span>)及把酒(<span lang="EN-US">pa ciu</span>)時,能合宜的配合。在整個抬重過程中他們以聲音互相應合,順利的將老樹放入墓穴。安葬之後,通常時間已過正午,他們和喪家一同回到家裡,先前為弔喪的親戚朋友所準備的午餐已經結束,他們和喪家共進午餐。在喪家的感謝聲中、漢子們大口吞下的啤酒裡、還有彼此的高談闊論下,喪事的哀戚漸行漸遠,親戚間的感情倒是越來越深。抬重也有幾個負責人,他最重要的任務是點人。湖口人的父母過逝時,他不會、也不能親自抬重。但是當他一次次的在族人的喪禮中抬重時,他雖然實際上抬的不是自己的父母,但是從勞務交換的角度觀察,他抬的正是他的父母,也同時是他自己。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">喪葬儀式進行中,對於前來挺手的人很忙碌的嗎?答案是否定的,如果他們被指定擔任某一特定工作,那麼他們可能會比較忙一些;如果沒有,他們便無所是事的東看西瞧,等待著被招呼作事,或著主動幫別人的忙。老湖口對於挺手時這種情形有個相當貼切的形容詞:挨空等食(<span lang="EN-US">oi khung den shit</span>),這個詞照字面的意思就是混時間等飯吃之意。這個詞對於那些主動來喪家挺手的男人們而言是十分傳神的,他們得知有族人故去之後,先往喪家慰問,協助佈置靈堂,上香,並在打聽清楚整個喪葬儀式的日程後回家。這期間他有可能被點到抬重或其他任務,即使沒有,他仍然會不定時到喪家走走。當然了,出山前一天的式場佈置工作以及出山當天他一定會到場的。他們三三五五,或坐或站,也許只是閒談罷了,他們是來挺手的,用當地的形容詞:「他們挨空等食!」正由於他們在每次喪葬中挺手,長期的挨空等食的結果,使得這些房內人彼此間非常的熟悉。不過這個詞對前來擎針的婦女則毫不相關,擎針是她們最主要的挺手,她們只在擎針當天到喪家挺手,絕無挨空等食方機會。即使擎針當天她們會在喪家準備的午餐中進食,但是她們仍然會先設法打理自己家中的午餐後,才安心的在喪家中和其他的婦女共進午餐,並分享彼此的心情與情報。她也許還會在廚房幫一些小忙,至於其他挺手事項是男人們的事,他們並不過問,而且出山當天,除非家裡的男人不在,他們通常是不出席的,而且家中拿出去的奠儀也是以男人名義送到喪家的。因此,在喪葬儀式工作中婦女是不可能挨空等食的。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">仔細分析挺手者的系譜關係,吾人發現挺手工作幾乎完全落在族人手上。如表一之彭太孺人治喪工作分配名單上所記載,總計五十六項已分配的工作中,除了五項廚房組的工作、五項屬於外家的工作、及一項義警的交通管工作外,其他所有工作都是族內成員負責。而且五項屬於外家的工作,即開鑼、取杖、接服、點主、祭靈等,只有在往生者是女性的情形下,才由其娘家擔任。如果往生者是男性時,這些工作則由族內長者擔任。<a href="file:///F:/%E5%8E%9F%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99%E5%A4%BE/05%E5%9C%96%E8%B3%87/%E8%91%97%E4%BD%9C/%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0/%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0/%E5%96%AA%E8%91%AC%E5%84%80%E5%BC%8F%E7%9A%84%E4%BA%A4%E6%8F%9B%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6%E8%88%87%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8B.DOC#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>也就是說,整個喪葬儀式的勞務工作,除了專業的儀式專家、包辦宴席的業者及指揮交通的義警之外,其他所有工作都由羅姓宗親的挺手而完成。我們再進一步分析前來挺手的羅姓宗親的系譜關係,名列工作分配表上的羅氏宗親共有四十一人,其中屬於大羅宗族者三十人,與彭太孺人同屬小羅宗族者十一人,其他羅姓宗親五人。換句話說,近九成前來挺手的人都是湖口大羅與小羅宗族的人。另外從地緣關係觀察,這四十六人目前都居住在湖口鄉內。這意謂前來挺手的人不完全是基於血緣性質的宗親關係而來,他們同時也都是同鄉之人。因此不是所有的大羅及小羅宗族的人都被納入這個挺手制度內,至少許多遷出湖口鄉的宗親不包在內;而相反的是,原本不是大羅與小羅宗族的羅姓宗親,一旦遷入湖口,很可能就會被納入這個挺手系統。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<h1 style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 14.0pt;">搭禮<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></h1>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">羅彭滿妹喪葬儀式的奠儀來源相當廣泛,奠儀總數共有六百零一個,分別來自羅氏宗親、姻親、鄰里、朋友等。其中來自於鄰里者最多,剛好佔一半;其次是屬於羅氏宗親的共有一百九十六個,超過奠儀總數的三成;再其次是來自於朋友的六十一個,約佔一成;至於姻親則有四十四個,還不及一成。如以奠儀金額計算,最多仍是鄰里,共計約二十萬,超過三成;其次是宗親的十五萬,約為二成五;再次是姻親的十三萬,超過二成;最後是來自於朋友的十一萬,略不足二成(參見表二)。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">表二:奠儀分析表<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed;">
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<td style="border-bottom: 1.0pt; border-color: windowtext; border-left: 1.5pt; border-right: 1.0pt; border-style: solid; border-top: 1.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: .75pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: 1.5pt; mso-border-right-alt: .75pt; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 83.05pt;" valign="top" width="111">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">項目<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 133.8pt;" valign="top" width="178">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">金額及百分比<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 127.55pt;" valign="top" width="170">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">數量及百分比<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: .75pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: 1.5pt; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 80.25pt;" valign="top" width="107">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">平均<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 83.05pt;" valign="top" width="111">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">鄰里<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 83.05pt;" valign="top" width="111">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">207,400<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 47.95pt;" valign="top" width="64">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">34.1</span><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">﹪<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 83.05pt;" valign="top" width="111">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">300<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 44.5pt;" valign="top" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">50.0</span><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">﹪<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 83.05pt;" valign="top" width="111">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>691<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 83.05pt;" valign="top" width="111">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">宗族<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 83.05pt;" valign="top" width="111">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">151,400<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 47.95pt;" valign="top" width="64">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">24.9</span><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">﹪<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 83.05pt;" valign="top" width="111">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">196<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 44.5pt;" valign="top" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">32.4</span><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">﹪<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 83.05pt;" valign="top" width="111">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>772<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 83.05pt;" valign="top" width="111">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">姻親<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 83.05pt;" valign="top" width="111">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">134,800<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 47.95pt;" valign="top" width="64">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">22.1</span><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">﹪<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 83.05pt;" valign="top" width="111">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>44<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 44.5pt;" valign="top" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7.5</span><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">﹪<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 83.05pt;" valign="top" width="111">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">3,063<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 83.05pt;" valign="top" width="111">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">朋友<a href="file:///F:/%E5%8E%9F%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99%E5%A4%BE/05%E5%9C%96%E8%B3%87/%E8%91%97%E4%BD%9C/%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0/%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0/%E5%96%AA%E8%91%AC%E5%84%80%E5%BC%8F%E7%9A%84%E4%BA%A4%E6%8F%9B%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6%E8%88%87%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8B.DOC#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 83.05pt;" valign="top" width="111">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">115,100<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 47.95pt;" valign="top" width="64">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">18.9</span><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">﹪<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 83.05pt;" valign="top" width="111">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>61<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 44.5pt;" valign="top" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">10.1</span><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">﹪<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 83.05pt;" valign="top" width="111">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">1,887<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border-left: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: 1.5pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: 1.5pt; mso-border-right-alt: .75pt; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 83.05pt;" valign="top" width="111">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">合計<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 83.05pt;" valign="top" width="111">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">608,700<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 47.95pt;" valign="top" width="64">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">100</span><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">﹪<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 83.05pt;" valign="top" width="111">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">601<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 44.5pt;" valign="top" width="59">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">100</span><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">﹪<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: 0cm 1.4pt 0cm 1.4pt; width: 83.05pt;" valign="top" width="111">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">1,013<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<td style="border: none;" width="107"></td>
<td style="border: none;" width="59"></td>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="color: white; font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">資料來源:羅烈師田野訪查及統計製製。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">奠儀的最大宗來源是鄰里,我所謂的鄰里大致上和前述老湖口三元宮的六個輪值村相符。這意謂老湖口三元宮社區除了有一個宗教儀式上的交換關係外,也同時存在家戶間的喪葬儀式交換關係。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">奠儀的第二來源是羅氏宗親。以系譜關係分析來自於羅氏宗親的奠儀,我們發現絕大多數的奠儀來自大羅與小羅兩個宗族。以挺手相同的情形是遷出者不會搭禮,而非大羅與小羅宗族,但遷入老湖口的羅姓人,也會搭禮。這種現象當然也和挺手一般,具有相當程度的地緣特性。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">彭太孺人喪葬的奠儀來自於於姻親的部份共四十四個,包含彭太孺人家族四代內所有媳婦的婆家及所有女兒的夫家。彭太孺人育有五子四女皆已婚嫁;亦有多位孫子、孫女已婚嫁。這些姻親包含:死者本身外家,死者小姑之夫家、死者女兒之夫家,死者媳婦的外家,死者婆婆的外家,死者孫媳婦的外家,死者孫女之夫家。這些姻親中,以彭太孺人本身的外家的奠儀最重,實際上也是彭太孺人喪葬儀式中所謂的外家。彭太孺人之生父姓余,養父姓彭,於是當她嫁來羅家之後便同時有兩個外家。彭太孺人往生後,兩個外家都致上二萬二千元的奠儀。至於其他姻親的部份,可以彭太孺人之次子全彬一家為例說明。全彬之妻蘭妹是個童養媳,育有二子二女,皆已婚嫁,共有內外孫十人(參見圖二)。蘭妹外家的四個弟弟及蘭妹的大舅共包了五個奠儀,共七千元;長女婿博堂、次女婿文龍、長媳玉鈴之父、及次媳晨芳之父都包了奠儀,共計一萬元。因此全彬家的姻親奠儀總共九個,合計一萬七千元。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhw37oKBciCvUJQTnfz-e6p2qOwt23CDX-KHGzNhWFnZIcVfhIu4SClz8yEirAoDdRq_jf2k12DhEOkAdSUaGHREC6b4g4zLN_BqRRvOWYwop5GXQy3UiLeFJwZh8cmkwrbFpyr8fnPVc5LAVcDYkCJm33hs-xSE2oY4I3pMXXJDtrMpY3RAhFCQ8OJ3w/s1788/%E6%B9%96%E5%8F%A31.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1083" data-original-width="1788" height="194" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhw37oKBciCvUJQTnfz-e6p2qOwt23CDX-KHGzNhWFnZIcVfhIu4SClz8yEirAoDdRq_jf2k12DhEOkAdSUaGHREC6b4g4zLN_BqRRvOWYwop5GXQy3UiLeFJwZh8cmkwrbFpyr8fnPVc5LAVcDYkCJm33hs-xSE2oY4I3pMXXJDtrMpY3RAhFCQ8OJ3w/s320/%E6%B9%96%E5%8F%A31.png" width="320" /></a></div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12pt;">至於在來自於朋友的奠儀方面,包含政治人物,如立法委員、縣議員等,還有彭太孺人之兒子、媳婦及孫子的朋友同業同事等。亦以彭太孺人之次子全彬一家為例說明,全彬務農,未在外工作,故並無來自同業同事朋友奠儀。然而全彬之長子清豪自營小型車床加工廠,故有許多來自同業的十七個奠儀,共二萬七千二百元;次子清傑在公家機關服務,也有三個單位及同事的奠儀及輓聯,奠儀共三千六百元。總計來自全彬家朋友的奠儀共二十個,金額三萬零八百元。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">在總數一百零五個、金額二十四萬九千九千元的姻親與朋友奠儀中,全彬一家共二十九個,金額四萬千七八百元。也就是說,全彬家在姻親朋友奠儀的總數上約近三成,金額亦約達二成。這意謂在彭太孺人十個子女中,來自於各家的奠儀並不均衡。這種不均衡具有重大意義,它代表各人在儀式交換的經營上的不平等。所有儀式上的金錢交換都是一種禮尚往來的禮物交換,全彬家份量較重的奠儀代表它從前較頻繁的禮物交換,也同時代表往後必然的一樣頻繁的交換。蘭妹是個童養媳,也就是說他的生父母與養父母之間的關係,應該不若大婚的姻親關係密切才對。然而不但她的兄弟和她妯娌的兄弟一樣致送奠儀,甚至她的舅舅也都送來奠儀,而這是其他所有媳婦所沒有的。換句話說,禮物交換的範圍是可大可小的,關鍵在於是否經常維持這種交換關係。蘭妹這個六十歲的童養媳在他養母也同時是婆婆的喪禮上,收到她兄弟送來的奠儀,這表示兩個家庭已經經營了六十年的儀式交換關係。而相同的情況是擁有兩個外家的彭太孺人,當余、彭兩家連袂送來富厚的奠儀時,這意謂羅、余、彭三個都居住在湖口家族,已經在彼此的儀式禮物交換關係中,渡過了八十年以上的歲月。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<h1 style="margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 14.0pt;">禮物與商品</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">喪葬儀式工作所需要的勞務不完全是禮物形式的挺手工作,它同時需要相當大量的「商品化」的勞務,例如:看日、式場靈堂佈置、煮食、和尚、樂隊、八音團及電子花車等。這些人都是專業的商品勞務供給者,他們以此為職業,依附在婚喪喜慶的供需市場而生存。近年喪葬儀式中的勞務與金錢的交換情形,商品化有逐漸增強的趨勢。廚房組的工作就有明顯的變化,起先所有廚房組的工作都由族內之人負責,後來首先以現金聘雇廚師擔任烹飪工作;其後菜肉等採買及清洗等工作也交給廚師包辦;又其後購米煮飯之事也交給廚師。目前廚房組中,僅餘兜菜及調理餈粑兩項工作仍由族人挺手,整個餐飲工作幾乎完被專業的包辦宴席業者所取代了。相同的情形也發生在式場靈堂的佈置,筆者近年所看到的喪葬儀式,所有的靈堂式場的佈置工作都已交由專業的葬儀社辦理。最新的變化發生在喪服上,新湖口的葬儀公司已開始出售傳統的喪服,部份喪家以白色的運動服裝作為喪服。因此,擎針的挺手工作或許會逐漸減少,及至消失。而完全的商業化勞務取得方式,也就是把整個喪葬儀式都交給葬儀公司處理,亦慢慢在少數人丁較少的姓氏家戶中出現。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">與挺手工作逐步被商品化取代之現象同時發生的是,挺手者會因其勞務得到喪家致贈的紅包。據筆者訪查,早年所有的挺手工作都沒紅包。但是後來喪家必須致贈抬重者及擎針者紅包。而後給紅包的範圍逐漸擴大到製孝杖棍、喊祭、會計、扛靈桌等,而且紅包的價碼正逐漸提高中。結果是喪葬費用逐漸提高,而奠儀的金額也隨之攀高。筆者最近所觀察的一次喪禮,其奠儀收入超過一百餘萬,而其開支也高達八十幾萬。這種商品化的趨勢自然是顯示,原初的因著禮物交換的而建立的人際關係模式,已受到衝擊而可能淡化。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<h1 style="margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 14.0pt;">喪葬儀式與地方社會</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">喪葬儀式本身對往生者自有獨特意義,它是湖口人整套生命禮儀的一環,這也是它本質上的意義。正因為喪葬儀式關涉到湖口人生命的意義,所以它是一個十分適合被操弄的社會行為。首先是來自於父系繼嗣團體的操弄:由於湖口人以父系繼嗣法則定位他的終生,因此宗族與家族之類父系嗣系團體成為最直接操弄這一儀式的人群,也同時經由這種操弄,即頻繁的儀式性禮物交換,特別是勞務交換,一個房內人(<span lang="EN-US">fong nui ngin</span>)、家族、或宗親的界域便與其他的社會群體就被反反覆覆地劃分出來了。至於不具父系繼嗣關係之人,則以姻親、鄰里及朋友的關係進入這個關係網絡。我們比較挺手及搭禮)二者,發現勞務交換幾乎完全在宗族內流動,而金錢交換的範圍則遠超過宗族。鄰里則在金錢交換的重要性最高,宗族、姻親、與朋友則大約相當。這意謂一個關連於個人生命意義的喪葬儀式,已無法自限於其所謂血緣團體內,而必須與其他型態的人際關係扣連。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">在彭太孺人的喪葬儀式上,我們看到了一個透過儀式性禮物交換而形成的關係網絡,同時我們也看到了這個網絡在生命意義、血緣、地緣、婚姻、歷史上的多重面向。我們當然無法簡單的稱呼這一網絡是個宗族,因為它實際上包含非親屬關係的朋友同事等關係。它是個以親屬為核心而組成的網絡系統,這種透過儀式性交換關係所建立起來的人際關係網絡,是地方社會中動員人力資源的重要管道,它很可能被放在不同的脈絡中使用。在閩粵分類械鬥嚴重的十九世紀中期以前的臺灣社會,它是客家武力後盾,也同時是地主鞏固其自身土地所有權的人力資源。至於在商品經濟發達、民主選舉的二十世紀末期,它自然也是商賈覬覦的利源與地方派系椿腳的票倉。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">因此,老湖口「行使會親」的觀念中,所謂「行」就是經營儀式性的禮物交換關係;所謂「親」不是一個類別概念,而是一個狀態與過程的概念。在文法上,親不是名詞,而是形容詞,甚至是動詞。也就是說,在湖口這個客家地方社會中,沒有一個靜態而實存的親屬團體,只有一個持續透過喪禮之類儀式,並同時進行禮物交換的一個動態人際關係網絡的持續建構過程。換句話說,對於湖口人而言,喪葬儀式同時具有行動與思想兩個面向:在行動上,它塑造關係網絡;在思想上,它是人生意義的重要環節。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">附錄<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">長生嘗序<a href="file:///F:/%E5%8E%9F%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99%E5%A4%BE/05%E5%9C%96%E8%B3%87/%E8%91%97%E4%BD%9C/%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0/%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0/%E5%96%AA%E8%91%AC%E5%84%80%E5%BC%8F%E7%9A%84%E4%BA%A4%E6%8F%9B%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6%E8%88%87%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8B.DOC#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">嘗思萬物本乎天,人生本乎父母。人之有父母,猶如水木之有根源。故夫子云:生事之以禮,死葬之以禮,以為報本之深恩。聖賢之言千古不朽,予等寄跡臺疆,又兼僻處海隅,族齒難集。一恐孤寒隻手,二怕家資囊空。須念父母年邁,倘有疾病,扁鵲無保長生之藥,海外未栽延壽之#。獨力維持劬勞之恩,何以得報。為人子者豈無一則以懼乎?是以鳩集同人各有父母在堂,同心同德置酒設筵,起立長生一嘗。各捐佛銀壹大員正,以為本底,生放利息,積少成多。眾議經理,毋得自恃,自立之後無論誰人父母昇天,彼之父母如己之父母。臨終之時,眾等或遠或近,聞訃驟至。不得推諉。惟願既圖厥始,亦慎厥終。庶幾永終默佑,福壽榮昌,有厚望焉。豈不美哉?是以為序。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">將眾議嚴禁規條併嘗內諸友姓名開列于後,決不虛立。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">一議嘗底銀不準嘗內兄弟托認求借,此係歸與長兄尾弟四人經理,生放利息。每年限定齊集,當眾清算明白。至日後長盛廣大,或置田業,作阿經營。另議規條,不得執一以行。眾議定照<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">一眾議限報之期,要交會心銀之日為定,推去四十日外準以通報,若四十日內不準通報。眾議定照。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">一眾議嘗內兄弟人等至父母臨喪之日,無用眾兄弟手足相助,但要四調到孝主家中幫辨其事。若長兄尾弟四調有父母臨喪者即要眾兄弟手足相助報知。隨即齊到。務要竭力盡事,不得潛身偷閑,淫邪僻處,不得異言推諉等情。眾議立照。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">一眾議嘗內兄弟人等有父母臨喪者,隨訃帖四張通報長兄尾弟四人。俱四人隨到孝主家中辨理#事,至於功德既畢與四調約定,或三七五齊集尾兄貳人。隨後方可週報眾兄弟知日期。至期之日各人要備佛銀<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>員親身帶到孝主家中以為助葬之費,不得以撘他人,亦不得以銀歸錢。若有以銀歸錢者依時價加貼清錢壹百文。又倘若無到者任嘗首傳眾公罰。又定每員銀每日要貼利清錢五十文,此錢歸孝主所收是實。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">一眾議堂內兄弟人等,至父母登仙應七之期即交銀之日。孝主兄弟人等立出字約在簿過交。又另請族戚親友妥實之人擔保,即要同孝主兄弟名號花押在簿,將銀方可交清明白。倘若孝主兄弟無齊花號押簿,不得交銀。又若無妥實之人擔保,公眾隨即扣起銀<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>大員。經眾生放依嘗底之利息以行。若嘗內人等後有父母臨喪者,恐彼以備不付補還將為抵補眼仔銀之用。眾立嚴議定照。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">一眾議嘗內兄弟人等至於父母先故先得去銀者,其日後不論何人父母歸仙應七之期即將每份送到補還者,不得延誤。若有延誤過期者每日貼利清錢壹百文此錢為孝主收是實。倘若擔保之人推諉刁頑異言等情,隨即同眾合聲協力以嚴設#,決不容情。若有不同心以嚴設#,以有徇情退縮推諉者,任眾重罰嚴議定照。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">一眾議嘗內兄弟有父母臨喪者,孝主即要備出會內銘旌一條、香一包、方糕三#四兩、燭一對。又另給牒紅包錢,每次一百文。此錢係孝主理辨備出是實。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">一眾議嘗內兄弟無論何人父母歸仙限至,或三七、五七之期齊到。務要包麻、焚香,方盡孝心之義。而孝主即(下文脫落)<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">長生嘗引<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">聞之禮,曰賻曰賵。蓋惟天有雨金之濟,人豈無緩急之相助?譬如孤掌難鳴,眾列善以易行。貧窮無措,眾毛可以成喪。惟愿彼此共濟,咸相周恤,以取不求而應,以免東借西貸之徬徨也。切予等宜家宜室,實比鄰之念篤;宜兄宜弟,思敦睦之誼重。共相贊勷,以成此孝義焉。倘遇父母有不幸者,為首傳報,各助佛銀一元、米一斗、酒一矺,以效賻賵之義。斯舉也,孝藉義,眾相扶持。而義實因孝而立。□我同人,各宜同心協力,以襄厥事。倍加警勉,毋致臨期失措。援是商議每分涓出佛銀一元,作為會底。務要殷實之人為首,積貯生放。毋得假公為私,以肥利己,有始有終,以成盛舉。每年為首者,期限於<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>月<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>日清算,子母獲利多寡,異日置買田業,永為世好,豈不美哉?是為引。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">參考書目<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">王增能<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1994<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">客家喪葬文化,刊於客家國際研討會論文集,謝劍、鄭赤琰主編,<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span></span>頁<span lang="EN-US">279-292</span>。香港:香港中文大學出版社。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">王瀘寧<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1991<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">當代中國村落家族文化。上海:上海人民出版社。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">李亦園<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1982<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">近代中國家庭的變遷,中研院民族所集刊,<span lang="EN-US">54:7-23</span>。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">林美容<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1986<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">由祭祀圈看草屯鎮的地方組織。民族所集刊,<span lang="EN-US">62:53-114</span>。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1997<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">臺灣區域性祭典組織的社會空間與文化意涵,見「人類學在臺灣<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span></span>的發展」學術研討會論文,臺北:中研院民族所。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">林耀華<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1986<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">金翅。臺北:桂冠。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">陳其南<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1990<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">家族與社會。臺北:聯經。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">莊孔韶<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1996<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">銀翅。臺北:桂冠。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1994<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">家族與婚姻:臺灣北部兩個閩客村落之研究。臺北:中研院民族<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span></span>所。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">董忠司<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1997<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span>新竹大湖口的社會經濟結構。新竹:清華大學社人所碩士論文。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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</span>羅肇錦<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1990<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">台灣的客家話,台北:台源出版社。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1966<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Chinese Lineage and Society: Fukien and Kwangtung. London
School <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>of Economics
Monographs on Social Anthropology, vol. 27 London: <span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>Athlone Press.<br />
Gallin, B.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1966<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Hsin Hsing, Taiwan: A Chinese village in
Change. Berkeley:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>University of California Press.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1979<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">小龍村。蘇兆堂譯,臺北:聯經。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">Hertz, Robert<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1960</span><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">(<span lang="EN-US">1907</span>)<span lang="EN-US">Death and the Right Hand. Glencoe, Illinois: The Free Press.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">Keesing, R.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1981<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">當代文化人類學。于、張合譯,臺北:巨流出版社。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">Lagerwey, John<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1996<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The Li Linage of Hukeng.</span><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">見劉義章編客家宗族與民間文化,香港:中<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span></span>文大學出版。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pasternak, Burton</span><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">(巴博)<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1972<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kinship and Community in Two Chinese
Villages. Stanford California: <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Stanford University Press.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">Prasenjit, Duara<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1994<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">文化、權力與國家。王福明譯,南京:江蘇人民出版社。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">Wagner, Roy<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Are
there Social Group in Highland New Guinea? In Murry, J. Leaf, ed., <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Frontiers
of Anthropology. New York: D. Van Nostrand company.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">Watson, J.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1985<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Chinese Kinship Reconsidered:
Anthropological perspectives on <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Historical Research. The China Quaterly,
92:598-622.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">Wilkerson,James</span><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">(魏捷茲)<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1996<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;">澎湖群島的村廟「公司」與人觀。見臺灣與福建文化研究論文集<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span></span>(三)。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-right: -9.95pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///F:/%E5%8E%9F%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99%E5%A4%BE/05%E5%9C%96%E8%B3%87/%E8%91%97%E4%BD%9C/%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0/%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0/%E5%96%AA%E8%91%AC%E5%84%80%E5%BC%8F%E7%9A%84%E4%BA%A4%E6%8F%9B%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6%E8%88%87%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8B.DOC#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 細明體; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>類似的說法是「行正會親」(<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">hang zang voi chin</span>),二者用於不同語境,但是所指涉的意思近似。本文所採取的拼音系統係採用「教育部推薦音標方案臺灣客家音標系統」標音,參見董忠司<span lang="EN-US"> 1998:10-11</span>。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///F:/%E5%8E%9F%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99%E5%A4%BE/05%E5%9C%96%E8%B3%87/%E8%91%97%E4%BD%9C/%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0/%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0/%E5%96%AA%E8%91%AC%E5%84%80%E5%BC%8F%E7%9A%84%E4%BA%A4%E6%8F%9B%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6%E8%88%87%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8B.DOC#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 細明體; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>「<span lang="EN-US">then shiu</span>」一語的<span lang="EN-US">then</span>字在老湖口海陸客家話中,聲調為第三調陰去聲,其調值係<span lang="EN-US">31</span>調。由於筆者參考諸書尚無法確定這個字的漢字寫法,所以用同音但聲調屬第二調陰上聲,調值為<span lang="EN-US">24</span>調的「挺」字暫代,以俟高明。(目前通用「扌帣」字)<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///F:/%E5%8E%9F%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99%E5%A4%BE/05%E5%9C%96%E8%B3%87/%E8%91%97%E4%BD%9C/%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0/%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0/%E5%96%AA%E8%91%AC%E5%84%80%E5%BC%8F%E7%9A%84%E4%BA%A4%E6%8F%9B%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6%E8%88%87%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8B.DOC#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 細明體; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>這種細節差異很可能是研究客家父系與母系親屬之雙邊關係的重要線索,尚待另文討論。此外,在彭太孺人實際的喪禮進行過程中,族人雖都知道開鑼等工作應由外家擔任,但是仍由族內長者代替外家執行,原因是外家遲到。而且據筆者訪問,這種外家遲到情形,在女性往生者的喪禮上,是十分常見的。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///F:/%E5%8E%9F%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99%E5%A4%BE/05%E5%9C%96%E8%B3%87/%E8%91%97%E4%BD%9C/%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0/%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0/%E5%96%AA%E8%91%AC%E5%84%80%E5%BC%8F%E7%9A%84%E4%BA%A4%E6%8F%9B%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6%E8%88%87%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8B.DOC#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 細明體; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>除了朋友外,尚包含同業、同事、及彭太孺人亡夫的門生。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///F:/%E5%8E%9F%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99%E5%A4%BE/05%E5%9C%96%E8%B3%87/%E8%91%97%E4%BD%9C/%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0/%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0/%E5%96%AA%E8%91%AC%E5%84%80%E5%BC%8F%E7%9A%84%E4%BA%A4%E6%8F%9B%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6%E8%88%87%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8B.DOC#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 細明體; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>見於羅景輝所收藏「請神書」中,未刊年代,筆者據書中他文有敘及臺灣省字樣,推估其成書年代不早於西元<span lang="EN-US">1885</span>年。下文「長生嘗引」出處同本文。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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</div>大學、客庄與老街http://www.blogger.com/profile/14881989716307424626noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1695181431448501431.post-8135170383062617742022-06-16T11:43:00.001+08:002022-06-16T11:44:58.514+08:00《單單一蕊打碗花》序<p> </p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 18pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0gd; text-align: center;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">序</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; text-indent: 24.1pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">三年如一刻,美燕創作不輟,又出版了新的詩集。有幸搶先讀到,五輯分別是感時、女情、日常、詠花與童趣,帶著笑意,一口氣讀完原稿。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 24pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">語言仍是美燕所最最掛心者,〈</span><span face="標楷體" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">母語接線</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">〉:</span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhv6EmUdXUwz82OL_5aQEVY41NKofNN-jXuff7Lih1e2XXKBokOZKLP0n8kuBwJ0jQPTy9o2c4Loariv99p4oPkq4dXJdQpmsfSqOPg6KqQkGeBryJOBiKezTZe2VnQmy0T3Si3rbt28zCUvWYBS8tLN_ILy4E4x6QVYOw-pDKwCGeVFSECGYJ8maBQng" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1442" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhv6EmUdXUwz82OL_5aQEVY41NKofNN-jXuff7Lih1e2XXKBokOZKLP0n8kuBwJ0jQPTy9o2c4Loariv99p4oPkq4dXJdQpmsfSqOPg6KqQkGeBryJOBiKezTZe2VnQmy0T3Si3rbt28zCUvWYBS8tLN_ILy4E4x6QVYOw-pDKwCGeVFSECGYJ8maBQng" width="169" /></a></span></div><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;"><br /></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 48.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; margin: 18pt 0cm 0cm 48pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 4.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: 1.0gd;"><span face="標楷體">妹仔大咧嫁人<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 48pt; mso-para-margin-left: 4.0gd;"><span face="標楷體">像紙鷂仔跈風飛出去<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 48pt; mso-para-margin-left: 4.0gd;"><span face="標楷體">孫仔出世<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 48pt; mso-para-margin-left: 4.0gd;"><span face="標楷體">接等兩頭个線<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 48pt; mso-para-margin-left: 4.0gd;"><span face="標楷體" lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 48pt; mso-para-margin-left: 4.0gd;"><span face="標楷體">阿婆渡孫<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 48pt; mso-para-margin-left: 4.0gd;"><span face="標楷體">摎佢兜講母語<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 48pt; mso-para-margin-left: 4.0gd;"><span face="標楷體">下二擺 母語<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 48.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 18pt 48pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-left: 4.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm;"><span face="標楷體">接等祖孫兩頭个線<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; text-indent: 24.1pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">美燕與孫子們的「客語家庭」趣事,已在臉書與</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">youtube</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">上被津津樂道,</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">而且母語不僅成為祖孫之間的接線,也使得年輕的爸媽也撿回了母語。這本「有聲詩集」除了沿續先前「客家女聲」的朗頌風格外,更富趣味的是童言童語的天真,就像〈</span><span face="標楷體">細龜仔</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">〉</span>
<span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">:</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 48.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; margin: 18pt 0cm 0cm 48pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 4.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: 1.0gd;"><span face="標楷體">細龜仔慢慢爬<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 48pt; mso-para-margin-left: 4.0gd;"><span face="標楷體">爬到外背尋麼儕<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 48pt; mso-para-margin-left: 4.0gd;"><span face="標楷體">媽媽喊佢轉屋下<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 48.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 18pt 48pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-left: 4.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm;"><span face="標楷體">佢講愛去摘蕊花<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; text-indent: 24.1pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">聽著這首詩,想像著祖孫幾人在客廳,就彷彿親眼看到大家捧著繪本的天倫樂境;而美燕的詩作流露最多的就是這類女性為人母(祖母)、人妻與人子的情感。〈</span><span face="標楷體">粄嫲</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">〉用做粄過程中,將燙熟而柔韌的粄嫲譬喻為母親,子女像分散的粄脆,藉由粄嫲,才能搓揉在一起:</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 48.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; margin: 18pt 0cm 0cm 48pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 4.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: 1.0gd;"><span face="標楷體">阿姆係粄嫲<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 48pt; mso-para-margin-left: 4.0gd;"><span face="標楷體">在滾水裡背燙熟<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 48pt; mso-para-margin-left: 4.0gd;"><span face="標楷體">摎浪浪散个粄脆<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 48.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 18pt 48pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-left: 4.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm;"><span face="標楷體">黏揫<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; text-indent: 24.1pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">身為有點年紀的讀者,對於時光匆匆頗為同感,〈</span><span face="標楷體">銅笐</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">〉用童年遊戲,寫往事難尋與故人不在的無奈與恐慌:</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 48.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; margin: 18pt 0cm 0cm 48pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 4.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: 1.0gd;"><span face="標楷體">細細時節个事情<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 48pt; mso-para-margin-left: 4.0gd;"><span face="標楷體">裝在銅笐肚<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 48pt; mso-para-margin-left: 4.0gd;"><span face="標楷體">分時間一腳踢到遠遠<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 48pt; mso-para-margin-left: 4.0gd;"><span face="標楷體">等</span><span face=""新細明體-ExtB",serif" style="mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體-ExtB;">𠊎</span><span face="標楷體">拈倒轉來<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 48.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 18pt 48pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-left: 4.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm;"><span face="標楷體">大家毋知囥哪去<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; text-indent: 24.1pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">最後,整本詩集係「新詩」體裁,但第四輯選錄了</span><span lang="EN-US">7</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">首俳句,顯得特殊。客家俳句源自</span><span lang="EN-US">17</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">音節之日文俳句,推廣者不少,大部份採</span><span lang="EN-US">577</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">三行</span><span lang="EN-US">19</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">字。美燕除</span><span lang="EN-US">577</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">格律外,也用了</span><span lang="EN-US">575</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">的格律,而我自己也偏好</span><span lang="EN-US">575</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,總覺得再少兩個字,更能焗出「句已停,意方興」的不盡餘韻。〈</span><span face="標楷體">無記才</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">〉「</span><span face="標楷體">多歲無奈何/市場堵著麼个嫂/硬硬想毋著</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">」,寫來幽默傳神;而〈日落西山背〉最有俳句特有的詠歎情味:</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 48.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; margin: 18pt 0cm 0cm 48pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 4.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: 1.0gd;"><span face="標楷體">日落西山背<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 48pt; mso-para-margin-left: 4.0gd;"><span face="標楷體">等晝等暗人毋來<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 48.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 18pt 48pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-left: 4.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm;"><span face="標楷體">半夜黃狗吠<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; text-indent: 24.1pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">描寫漫長的等待與半夜心驚,只是渾不知被狗吠的是歸人還是過客。留念中年,不知老之將至,讀美燕詩,略次其韻為俳句,以為序:</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 48.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; margin: 18pt 0cm 0cm 48pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 4.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: 1.0gd;"><span face="標楷體">春寒漸知歲<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 48pt; mso-para-margin-left: 4.0gd;"><span face="標楷體">夜半有力企門背<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 48.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 18pt 48pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-left: 4.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm;"><span face="標楷體" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">咄佢擎被蓋<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; text-align: right; text-indent: 24.1pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">阿師 壬寅清明</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>大學、客庄與老街http://www.blogger.com/profile/14881989716307424626noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1695181431448501431.post-48068836902420887362022-05-15T15:23:00.003+08:002022-05-15T15:23:54.435+08:00通往地獄的天堂之路:道卡斯竹塹社文化之殞落<p></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">通往地獄的天堂之路:</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">道卡斯竹塹社文化之殞落<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">羅烈師<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0gd; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">清華大學人類所<a href="file:///F:/%E5%8E%9F%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99%E5%A4%BE/05%E5%9C%96%E8%B3%87/%E8%91%97%E4%BD%9C/%E5%8D%9A%E5%A3%AB%E8%AB%96%E6%96%87/%E8%AB%96%E6%96%87%E6%9C%AC%E6%96%87/%E5%B0%8F%E8%AB%96%E6%96%87/%E7%AB%B9%E5%A1%B9%E7%A4%BE(%E6%94%B9%E7%89%88).DOC#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">給地、賜姓與封官表面上是統治者賦予原住民無限的尊榮,然而享有這一尊榮,卻導致道卡斯竹塹社人喪失其傳統社會文化,更進而族群泯沒而不自知。路彷彿天堂,盡頭卻是地獄。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<h1 style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0gd;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">衰落的竹塹社<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></h1>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">道卡斯族竹塹社和臺灣其他平埔族人一樣,從荷蘭據臺時期以來,已經消失或漢化,除非是專門研究這問題的學者,一般人已經無從知道目前尚存的平埔族之所在了(陳其南<span lang="EN-US"> 1990:5</span>)。竹塹社文化業已殞落,社會結構亦告瓦解,僅竹塹社人倖存。以漢化一詞自然不足以全幅彰顯竹塹社人社會文化變遷的過程,因為這個詞語犯了漢族中心主義的毛病,而且蒙蔽了漢人的「平埔化」現象。然而無論如何,在現今社會我們已經找不到一個操道卡斯語的竹塹社人,所謂「竹塹社」早已成為歷史名詞,它充其量只在研究者間流動。<a href="file:///F:/%E5%8E%9F%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99%E5%A4%BE/05%E5%9C%96%E8%B3%87/%E8%91%97%E4%BD%9C/%E5%8D%9A%E5%A3%AB%E8%AB%96%E6%96%87/%E8%AB%96%E6%96%87%E6%9C%AC%E6%96%87/%E5%B0%8F%E8%AB%96%E6%96%87/%E7%AB%B9%E5%A1%B9%E7%A4%BE(%E6%94%B9%E7%89%88).DOC#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">清治時期是竹塹社社會文化變遷最劇烈的時期,這段歷史中有三件最緊要的事:給地、賜姓、與封官。這三件事化從<span style="color: black;">生產模式</span>的轉型開始;進一步改變財產及繼承的觀念;最後終底於瓦解竹塹社的社會結構。自此竹塹社文化成了無根的文化,而逐漸凋零,客家文化順勢取而代之。雖然竹塹社人沒有消失,只是這個族群已不再馳騁鹿場,也遺忘祖先的語言一百年以上。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<h1 style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0gd;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">文獻回顧<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></h1>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">社會文化變遷是目前平埔研究的焦點,關於竹塹社的研究亦然。這些研究注意到作為主要生產工具的土地(黃富三<span lang="EN-US"> 1981</span>、施添福<span lang="EN-US"> 1990</span>、邵式伯<span lang="EN-US">
1993</span>、張炎憲、李季樺<span lang="EN-US"> 1995</span>、王世慶、李季樺<span lang="EN-US"> 1995</span>)、家族的形成與變遷(張炎憲、李季樺<span lang="EN-US"> 1995</span>)、及儀式行為的社會物質基礎(王世慶、李季樺<span lang="EN-US"> 1995</span>)。這些研究都共同的重視土地所有權課題,但是分別從經濟、社會、宗教等進路,探討竹塹社之社會文化變遷這一母題。茲分述如下:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">黃富三、施添福、邵式伯:三個人同時都關心土地所有權轉移的問題。黃富三認為平埔族人杜賣草地或出售、出贈、出典田野的原因是經濟壓力、無力自墾、生產力低、以及漢人佔墾之威脅(黃富三<span lang="EN-US"> 1981:78-79</span>)。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">施添福認為竹塹地區平埔族人失去土地的原因是清帝國的統治方式造成的。竹塹社人並非不諳耕作,只是缺乏一個「力農環境」,所以頻頻杜賣土地,以致無由建立農耕社會。雍正朝十餘年間,竹塹地區土牛溝以西的熟番草地,幾乎大部份皆落入漢人的手中。此時平埔族之所以紛紛杜賣草地的二項因素是:其一、課餉、花紅陃規及其他雜派需索繁重,相對的其賴以納餉之鹿場漸小,鹿產漸少;其二、勞役供差繁多,使竹塹社人居無寧日。至於乾隆中期之後竹塹社人杜賣田園,則是因為社人不斷被迫服國家勞役。自乾隆初年以來,隨著竹塹地區進入積極開發階段,為防止生番逸出為害,只有不斷派撥熟番。先是沿著土牛溝的番界,後是沿著養贍埔地邊緣的番界充當隘丁。全臺番丁有幾?去其壯丁四千,且兩年一換,分扼山內生番,則全臺社番番社,不解體者亦難矣(施添福<span lang="EN-US"> 1990:71-87</span>)。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">邵式伯認為臺灣是清政府的邊疆之一,對臺之統治方式,自然就是清政府邊政之一環,清之邊政是由「戰略意義」(<span lang="EN-US">strategic significance</span>)、「控管成本」(<span lang="EN-US">control cost</span>)、與「稅收效益」(<span lang="EN-US">revenue potential</span>)」三項原則共同決定的。領臺之初,清政府以平埔族為課稅對象,故實施海禁,隔離漢人之侵擾,以確保臺地平埔族之地權,同時確保其稅收。偷渡人口大幅成長後,衝突昇高,迫使政府設官直接治理,控管成本乃隨之增加。一旦直接設立行政組織後,為維持此一組織,必須在財政上的能夠自給自足。為達成此一目的,唯有增加報陞已墾土地,同時鼓勵更多的漢人入墾。此一政策撼動了平埔族對未墾土地的所有權。而多重地權的現象,便在政府、平埔族與漢族的互動關係下形成了。簡言之,平埔族的土地權力,其實是被清政府之邊政決定的。在增加稅收以維持常設治理機關的要求下,平埔族的地權自然就被剝奪了(<span lang="EN-US">Shepherd 1993:1-24,395-410</span>)。這意謂平埔族的土地所有權是清政府所賦予的,後來也是被清政府所剝奪的,而予奪之間,是政府基於邊政的稅收考量。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">施添福與邵式伯分別從微觀與鉅觀角度審視平埔地權的喪失,二人的結論一致指向政府的統治態度。<span style="color: black;">只是前者的焦點是平埔社人的勞動力,後者的焦點是治臺政府的稅收。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">除了土地權益的喪失造成竹塹社衰退之外,其他的原因包括:內部派系鬥爭與侵吞社租屯餉、婚姻與族群歷史文化記憶的喪失等(張炎憲、李季樺<span lang="EN-US"> 1995:189-93</span>)。然而竹塹社這個道卡斯族群並未消失,雖然現今竹塹社傳統的祭祖儀式已不復存在,目前的祭祖儀式,無論從祖廟之興建、奉祀之神明與配制、乃至祭祀之形式及祭品等,都已「漢化」。但是透過客家式的竹塹社七姓公派下祭祀公業,竹塹社人以宗族的形式,仍維持其身份與族內團結。甚至其祖廟進一步與在地的客家或閩南信仰結合,成為一個共同的地方信仰(王世慶、李季樺<span lang="EN-US"> 1995:153-64</span>)。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">此種社會變遷的原由是什麼呢?從生產的角度觀察,以農業為主要生產方式的定居耕作者,明顯地要一套土地所有制來規範可耕地的使用。同時,假如他們是水田耕作者,還需要一套複雜的水利管理體系(<span lang="EN-US">Lewis 1985:200</span>)。這一套規範與管理體系用新馬克思主義理論者的術語,就是一套生產模式;或者用比較模糊、比較容易被英國色彩的社會人類學者所接受、也是馬克思常用的術語:社會形構(<span lang="EN-US">social formation</span>)。馬克思主義者的社會科學有三個基本分析進路:整體觀點(<span lang="EN-US">holistic</span>)、歷史觀點(<span lang="EN-US">historical</span>)、與生產觀點(<span lang="EN-US">production-oriented</span>)。所謂整體觀點是指吾人在分析社會制度時,係檢視經濟、社會、觀念、政治等力量的互動關係;所謂歷史觀點是指馬克思主義者相信自己對社會制度的解釋是最完備的,因為它足以說明社會制度形成的原因,畢竟社會制度是在一特定時空下運作的;所謂生產觀點是指馬克思主義者假定人類最基本的活動是「社會勞動力」,也就是指人類以一套有組織的行動模式,自環境中取得能量以再生產社會自身(<span lang="EN-US">Plattner 1989:380-1</span>)。正因這三個觀點,使得「辯證法」(<span lang="EN-US">dialectics</span>)成為馬克思主義者所關切的分析方法。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">從上述這一角度思考,筆者以為前述關於竹塹社人的研究可以整合為一套模式,共同描述竹塹社人所面臨劇烈社會變遷的過程。實際上,此一構想在巴則海族(<span lang="EN-US">Pazeh</span>)的研究中已有提及,然而此一構想仍停留在未來研究的課題與觀點上,並末實際的展開(張隆志<span lang="EN-US"> 1991:260-265</span>)。</span><a href="file:///F:/%E5%8E%9F%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99%E5%A4%BE/05%E5%9C%96%E8%B3%87/%E8%91%97%E4%BD%9C/%E5%8D%9A%E5%A3%AB%E8%AB%96%E6%96%87/%E8%AB%96%E6%96%87%E6%9C%AC%E6%96%87/%E5%B0%8F%E8%AB%96%E6%96%87/%E7%AB%B9%E5%A1%B9%E7%A4%BE(%E6%94%B9%E7%89%88).DOC#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">而且更重要的是,諸課題與觀點之間的所共同形成一體系,也未被強調。因此本文以這一整體模式,思考竹塹社社會文化的變遷。</span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<h1 style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0gd;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">竹塹社社會文化的變遷:得而復失的土地所有權<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></h1>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">臺灣的南島語「原住民」,依日本學者的研究,分成「高山族」與「平埔族」。</span><a href="file:///F:/%E5%8E%9F%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99%E5%A4%BE/05%E5%9C%96%E8%B3%87/%E8%91%97%E4%BD%9C/%E5%8D%9A%E5%A3%AB%E8%AB%96%E6%96%87/%E8%AB%96%E6%96%87%E6%9C%AC%E6%96%87/%E5%B0%8F%E8%AB%96%E6%96%87/%E7%AB%B9%E5%A1%B9%E7%A4%BE(%E6%94%B9%E7%89%88).DOC#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">其中高山族共十族,分佈於中央山脈;平埔族則有十二族,活動於西部及東北部沿海平原。</span><a href="file:///F:/%E5%8E%9F%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99%E5%A4%BE/05%E5%9C%96%E8%B3%87/%E8%91%97%E4%BD%9C/%E5%8D%9A%E5%A3%AB%E8%AB%96%E6%96%87/%E8%AB%96%E6%96%87%E6%9C%AC%E6%96%87/%E5%B0%8F%E8%AB%96%E6%96%87/%E7%AB%B9%E5%A1%B9%E7%A4%BE(%E6%94%B9%E7%89%88).DOC#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">關於臺灣北部的平埔族活動範圍,北部沿海是巴賽族,臺北盆地與桃園臺地屬於凱達格蘭族,宜蘭地區為噶瑪蘭族,新竹與苖栗是道卡斯族,臺中平原則為巴則海族。高山族方面,泰雅族在北臺灣中央山脈活動,新竹東南山區則有賽夏族。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">竹塹社住民原分佈於香山一帶,鹽水港附近,後逐漸往東北移動。<span lang="EN-US">1722</span>年(雍正元年)設淡水廳,廳治設於竹塹,並於<span lang="EN-US">1733</span>年築城。帝國所選定的城址正是竹塹社住民居所,於是住民被迫遷往舊社。隨後復因水患,於<span lang="EN-US">1749</span>(乾隆十四年)年,由舊社舉族遷往新社、枋寮等處移墾,且向西往新埔關西發展。其活動範圍,西南至鹽水港與中港社相對,東至咸菜棚、龍岡及楊梅壢、中壢間的土牛與南崁社為界(張炎憲,<span lang="EN-US">1995:174</span>)。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">從社會經濟的角度觀察,整個平埔族的歷史經過兩次重大變革。第一次變革是荷蘭人引入的鹿皮貿易與樸社制度,第二次則是中國華南式水稻生產農業及地權制度之引介(張隆志<span lang="EN-US"> 1990:261</span>)。第二次變革同時也是生產技術的變<span style="color: black;">革,較諸前者更深更廣的改變了平埔族人的生活,本文亦置重點於此。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">平埔族的傳統生活方式為遊耕(<span lang="EN-US">horticulture</span>)與狩獵。所謂遊耕是指耕作者在土地、勞力、資金、及器械等生產要素方面都顯得較為疏放,他們以鋤頭或掘棒種植作物,土地不是固定的財產,也稱作燒墾耕作,以砍伐及焚燒的方式清除土地上的樹叢或雜草(<span lang="EN-US">Kottak 1997:219</span>)。此種農耕方式至荷蘭人統治臺灣期間產生變化,荷蘭人設專司機構掌管牛隻的馴養,作為耕作及曳引之工具。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoBlockText" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 32.6pt; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 32.6pt; mso-para-margin-top: 1.0gd;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 11.0pt;">荷蘭時,南北二路設牛頭司,牧放生息,千百成群。犢大設欄摯之,牡則俟其壯,乃漸飼以水草,稍馴狎,閹其外腎令壯,以耕以輓</span><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 11.0pt;">(臺灣府志卷二叢談)。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">然而,十七世紀下半葉的這一技術革新,直至十八世紀初期,仍未被竹塹地區採用,當時的竹塹社人仍以鐵鋤及掘棒為農具。同一時期,同為道卡斯族活動於竹塹社南方的中港社人,已有馴養野牛的技術。但是這些野牛只被當作拉車的動力,並非翻土之牽牛。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoBlockText" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 32.6pt; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 32.6pt; mso-para-margin-top: 1.0gd;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 11.0pt;">番丁自昔亦躬耕,鐵鋤掘土僅寸許;百鋤不及一犁深,那得盈甯畜妻子。鹿革為衣不貼身,尺步為裳露雙髀。是處差徭各有幫,竹塹煢煢一社耳。鵲巢忽爾為鳩占,鵲盡無巢鳩焉徙</span><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 11.0pt;">(黃叔璥<span lang="EN-US"> 1724:135</span>)?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoBlockText" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 32.6pt; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 32.6pt; mso-para-margin-top: 1.0gd;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 11.0pt;">至中港社,見門外一牛甚腯,囚木籠中,俯首跼足,體不得展。社人謂是野牛初就靮,以此馴之。又云:前路竹塹、南崁山中,野牛千百為群,土番能生致之,侯其馴用之。今郡中輓車牛,強半皆是</span><span style="font-family: 全真中仿宋; font-size: 11.0pt;">(黃叔璥<span lang="EN-US"> 1724:133</span>)。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">中國華南式水田耕作技術似乎直到十七世紀中期,才正式被採用。西元<span lang="EN-US">1742</span>年及<span lang="EN-US">1748</span>年霄裡社通事知母六(即蕭那英)在龍潭地區築霄裡大圳,如果「連早期以狩獵為生的竹塹埔北部的霄裡社,都具有開圳的能力,那麼定居於竹塹埔南緣,『其地平坦,極膏腴』的竹塹平原的竹塹社,其從漢佃習得農耕技術之程度,也就不問可知了」(施添福<span lang="EN-US"> 1990:71</span>)。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">關於竹塹社婚姻方式的研究,目前仍停留在假設階段。筆者大膽的猜測竹塹社七姓之間很可能採取「間接交換婚」,從目前整理出來的衛、錢二姓竹塹社族譜,賜姓之後三代內,竹塹社之女人的流向是:潘姓→衛姓→錢姓(參考張炎憲、李季樺<span lang="EN-US"> 1995:205-215</span>)。這當然只是一個片段的證據,尚待更多資料佐證。而且如果竹塹社也確實存有年齡階層的組織(李亦園<span lang="EN-US"> 1982:65</span>),那麼竹塹社的社會結構已經呼之欲出了。道卡斯、巴則海、和安雅、貓霧拺等族可能都基於這種交換婚而形年齡組織,而年齡組織又成為社會結構的核心。而其社內事務之處理或許採用「合議制」,「這些村落沒有一個共同的領袖……可能有一個包括十二個最有名譽的委員會。委員任期二年,委員年齡約四十歲,所有委員均屬同年」(戴炎輝<span lang="EN-US"> 1979:359</span>、李亦園<span lang="EN-US"> 1982:66</span>)。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">竹塹社的土地財產所有權是全社集體制的,而且這一制度至少維持到西元<span lang="EN-US">1733</span>年(雍正<span lang="EN-US">11</span>年)。這一年竹塹社將相當於現在新竹縣新豐鄉的貓兒椗草地,賣給閩人郭奕榮,其出賣者即由竹塹社土官、甲頭、老番、及白番共同署名。</span><a href="file:///F:/%E5%8E%9F%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99%E5%A4%BE/05%E5%9C%96%E8%B3%87/%E8%91%97%E4%BD%9C/%E5%8D%9A%E5%A3%AB%E8%AB%96%E6%96%87/%E8%AB%96%E6%96%87%E6%9C%AC%E6%96%87/%E5%B0%8F%E8%AB%96%E6%96%87/%E7%AB%B9%E5%A1%B9%E7%A4%BE(%E6%94%B9%E7%89%88).DOC#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">竹塹社人本來就有全主共同祭祖,謂之「田」。每年三月十六日及十一月十六日,由土目(頭目)具祭品,舂糯米為□,鹿肉、豬肉、雞鴨之屬,皆用生,並酒,置地而祭,呼請其祖先名號。選社中善走者十餘人,鳴金,各以手互相牽引,跳躍同走,旋分手走,漸走漸邊,約走數里,又聚集,以手互相牽引,跳躍一番,再分走十餘里,則各騁足力奮迅如飛,先回到社者受上賞,給以呢、馬掛一件、銅錢二千四百文,其次者賞有差,則各色布疋、碗碟之類,謂之「走田」。然後開罈飲酒為樂,受上賞者未飲,餘人不敢飲。另也於五六七八等月舉行走奠(王世慶、李季樺<span lang="EN-US"> 1995:133-134</span>、<span lang="EN-US">153</span>)。</span><a href="file:///F:/%E5%8E%9F%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99%E5%A4%BE/05%E5%9C%96%E8%B3%87/%E8%91%97%E4%BD%9C/%E5%8D%9A%E5%A3%AB%E8%AB%96%E6%96%87/%E8%AB%96%E6%96%87%E6%9C%AC%E6%96%87/%E5%B0%8F%E8%AB%96%E6%96%87/%E7%AB%B9%E5%A1%B9%E7%A4%BE(%E6%94%B9%E7%89%88).DOC#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">此一祖靈祭的「原始意義實與阿美族、卑南族的入會儀式(成年儀式)相同。然而因為平埔各族漢化已深,其固有宗教習俗大部份已不存在,其僅存的宗教儀式,便揉合了祖靈祭和入會儀式兩種禮儀,一方面保存對祖靈的信仰,一方面保存對少年人各種技能的訓練,便成為今日『賽跑型』祖靈祭的形態」(李亦園<span lang="EN-US"> 1982: 65</span>)。此外,筆者以為關於祖靈祭儀式這種強調青壯男子的長跑能力,當然與其狩獵生活方式息息相關。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyTextIndent2">然而漢人農耕文化隨著大批遠超過竹塹社人口數的漢人進入竹塹地區後,竹塹社人的生存開始受到威脅,其社會文化逐步歸於毀滅,而直接的沖激發生在土地所有權上。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">如前文獻回顧所述,平埔地權的喪失是其社會文化變遷的關鍵,然而吾人也不應忽略平埔原初土地之取得方式。只有理解竹塹社土地之取得方式,才能理解其失去土地的原因。竹塹社人是竹塹地區的原住民族,早在西元<span lang="EN-US">1702</span>年(康熙四十三年)已向清政繳納「番社餉」。對清政府而言,向竹塹社徵稅等於承認他們在竹塹地區生存的權利,也連帶賦予他們土地所有權。從這一角度觀察,竹塹社的土地所有權是清政府憑藉其統治者對土地的最高主權,所賦予竹塹社人的權利。</span><a href="file:///F:/%E5%8E%9F%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99%E5%A4%BE/05%E5%9C%96%E8%B3%87/%E8%91%97%E4%BD%9C/%E5%8D%9A%E5%A3%AB%E8%AB%96%E6%96%87/%E8%AB%96%E6%96%87%E6%9C%AC%E6%96%87/%E5%B0%8F%E8%AB%96%E6%96%87/%E7%AB%B9%E5%A1%B9%E7%A4%BE(%E6%94%B9%E7%89%88).DOC#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">往後所出現的「番大租」權,即源於此。所謂大租權當是與小租權相對而產生的,二者本質上有所差異(陳其南<span lang="EN-US"> 1990:72</span>)。番大租權的來源是原住民向清政府繳納租稅的結果,小租權則因漢人以資金及勞動力改造土地,增加其農業生產上的附加價值而來。這具體的表現在當時契約上常見的用語「</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">……付與○○○自備工本,前去開築埤圳,招佃墾耕,陞科報課,永為已業。</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">」因此竹塹地區的一田二主(竹塹社人與漢人)不是直接仿自華南,其背後的真正原因是水田耕作相對於狩獵,所需要的大量資本及勞動力的問題。然而這並不意謂竹塹社在清治之初所得到只是所謂番大租權,他們所得到的是全部的權利,只要他們具備資本與勞動力,照常可以擁有小租權。<u><span lang="EN-US" style="color: red;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">然而水田耕作必須有相配的社會制度或組織,這是技術、資本、與勞動力之外一個重要因素。水田耕作的命脈是水,因此灌溉系統的興建與維持攸關水稻的生產。十八世紀末期(嘉慶初年),竹塹社通事錢子白及其族人在紅毛港溪上游之四湖溪、北勢溪、波羅汶溪開闢灌溉系統,對遊耕的竹塹社人而言,這無疑是一個偉大的創造。然而錢氏等人只負責陂圳的興築(開圳),至於維護工作(顧陂)則完全由佃戶負責(新竹文獻委員會
<span lang="EN-US">1954</span>)。臺灣的河流屬於所謂「荒溪」,流量變率極大,陂圳被大雨沖毀是常事,因此灌溉系統之維護工作所需要的工本,超過興建的工本。更嚴重的是灌溉系統的運作過程中,經常發生耕作者之間用水權糾紛,而且此一糾紛直接威脅整個灌溉系統的維持。茲舉亦為竹塹社地的八張犁為例:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 32.6pt; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 32.6pt; mso-para-margin-top: 1.0gd;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">仝立合約人八張犁庄佃友<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span>耕人<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span>等,為重申舊約,立汴除弊,以均灌溉,以安農業事。竊惟弊端不除,則善規難立,本分不守,則家業雖安。緣我庄中二段眾佃友,課田俱賴小三□山泉灌漲。先年屢經業主配立汴缺,自首汴以下分定貳拾伍分半分流,公議申禁,不許私行截塞破挖。奈因年深汴廢,事久約弛。近有無恥之徒,只知私心利己,不照水汴通流,恃勢橫行,違擅舊約。或乘機截破,或暗地挖吼,以致源枯流滯,上有下無,一二滋弊,眾人效尤。苦樂不均,難以盡述。勢得合我十三份半田佃耕人,申請業主前來,照依舊額,新立汴缺,再議規條,重申例禁,杜絕利弊。自約之後,各宜照議而行,庶幾弊除業安,共敦鄉井良規,不失親睦高誼。今欲有憑,仝立合約一樣二紙,付共約首末二汴人,各執一紙存照。<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span>謹將公議規開列<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 25.45pt; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">一議□原圳路□迫洪水沖塘,或天旱作□,宜協力修築開導。如違,罰谷三斗,為<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span>福德祠需費。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 25.45pt; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">一議約內谷請一人巡管水源圳路,每全年貼工資谷<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span>石,早晚量交,照汴額水分<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span>派出,不得吝嗇。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 25.45pt; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">一議管水之人來報有人盜水,各宜齊到與他理論。如違,議罰。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 25.45pt; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">一議水路自源達流,從首至尾,不論何人,違汴私偷,捉獲報知,甘賞錢四百文,<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span>絕不食言。(此條寫在下一條)。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 25.45pt; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">一議約內各守本分水額,不得恃強欺弱,偷截破挖。如違,察□公罰佛銀式大元<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span>正。(此條寫在上一條)。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 25.45pt; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">一議管水之人倘因爭水挾嫌,被毆受傷,公眾請醫調治,□□□訟,一切費用均<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span>派。如有臨局推搪延誤者,每元每月照加□□□□□□妥人,當眾擔認,毋私<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span>立限。為憑。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 25.45pt; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">正本請源合同<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 32.6pt; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 32.6pt; mso-para-margin-top: 1.0gd;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">道<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span>光<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span>十九<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span>年<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span>二<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span>月<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span>初二<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span>日<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span>仝立請帖人佃友<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span>耕人</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這張契約顯示,不在庄的地主根本無力維護灌溉系統。從上述契約我們可<span style="color: black;">以得知竹塹地區客家村落維持灌溉系統運作的模式。這套模式所面對的是共同</span>使用灌溉水源的耕作者之間的緊張關係,其模式是全體使用者共同訂定契約結合成法人團體以平均分配水源,這法人團體以福德祠為代表。以財貨僱工巡管圳路,對於違規者施以罰金。如有盜水情事,則全體共同參與談判對抗盜水者。因此,水田耕作中灌溉系統的構築、維護、及運作,不只需要技術、資金、與勞動力,更需要一個社會體制,才能維繫。然而對於竹塹社人而言,這一切是如此陌生。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyTextIndent2">清廷實施海禁,尚且無法扼止漢人涉險渡臺,竹塹社人更是無法阻擋漢人進入竹塹地區。既然無法像漢人入侵之前那般繼續在整個竹塹地區過著沒有漢人的生活方式,竹塹社人只有面對挑戰,選擇適合的維生之道。面臨生存危機的竹塹社人可以有下列選擇:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-left: 28.3pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.83gd;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">全面自耕所有土地<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-left: 28.3pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.83gd;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">成為不在庄地主<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-left: 28.3pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.83gd;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">部份土地自耕,其他招漢佃入墾,坐收大租<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-left: 28.3pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.83gd;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d.</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">遷徙<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">竹塹社人口不過千人左右,不可能全面自耕整個竹塹地區。另一可能的作法是成為「不在庄」的地主,然後以招墾或出佃的方式經營土地,坐收大、小租,並且將這些收入轉投資到未墾土地開發或從事商品買賣。然而建構這一不在庄地主階級所需要的陌生知識,恐怕需要更長的時間才可能習得的,對竹塹社人而言,更是遙不可及。何況竹塹社人的對手,閩客兩籍漢人業主,並不給他們這個機會。遷徙是另一個可以維持傳統生活方式的方法,就像巴則海族離開臺中盆地,西拉雅進入後山(李亦園<span lang="EN-US"> 1982:53-6</span>),竹塹社人也溯鳳山溪求生。然而,事實證明,來自大海的漢人潮水般湧來,不可扼抑,逃無所逃;內山又有賽夏族人窺伺,竹塹社人險象環生。於是唯一的一條路就是守住尚未賣去的田園,以漢人的方式耕水田。於是傳統的土地財產共有制冰消瓦解,竹塹主人開始「分界」「自耕」,保住一方立錐覆瓦之土。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這段土地的歷史不只是取得土地,然後又失去土地而已。嚴重的是,經過這一土地權得而復失的衝擊,竹塹社所失去的不只是一塊土地,而是一整套傳統的社會文化。這一套社會文化原來是竹塹社狩獵遊耕生產模式的一環,竹塹社失去狩獵遊耕的土地,採行水田耕作之後,傳統的社會及文化系統,開始解體。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">首先解體的是竹塹社之「社」共同組織。原先之社共同組織的經濟基礎是土地財產權的共有制,各姓分界自耕之後,轉而以已賣土地之大租支應社共同組織之開支。然而竹塹社的大租權受到小租權及佃權不斷移轉及鬮分的影響,越來越不穩定,拖欠抗繳的情況日益嚴重。依賴社租生存的竹塹社共同組織,便面臨日益加深的危機。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">婚姻制度也受到挑戰。分界自耕之後,各姓與眾多漢人共居,形成新的村落,新的婚姻圈,傳統的間接交換婚於茲告終。婚姻制度的改變,直接切斷了竹塹社各姓的交換關係,進一步瓦解竹塹社的整體社會結構。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">猶有甚者,狩獵遊耕的竹塹社人應付來自華南水田文化的漢人尚且力有未逮,清廷卻又賦予平埔族人重任:屯田制度。西元<span lang="EN-US">1786</span>年(乾隆五十一年)發生林爽文事件,福康安率兵渡海,並結和平埔族人,於<span lang="EN-US">1788</span>年平定其事。福康安於是擬議以平埔族人設屯,藉以捍衛地方一般治安;防禦未受漢化的南島語族原住民;並供差遣(戴炎輝,<span lang="EN-US">1979:467</span>)。屯田制度抽調大量竹塹社勞力,不但使之無法專力於農耕;這些經常離家、離社的男丁,也無力管理家務及社務。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">與屯田制同時發生的大事是所謂「賜姓」,即竹塹社接受漢人姓氏(王世慶、李季樺<span lang="EN-US"> 1995:132</span>)。賜姓的結果,道卡斯人失去了他們的歷史。我們可以想像,沒有文字的道卡斯人,曾經在每一年的「田」祭中,在成年儀式中,族中長老以口傳方式,將道卡斯的神話與歷史故事,代代相傳。賜姓之後,伴隨著其他各社會文化層面的變革,民族的早期記憶幾乎完全消失,代之而起的是漢人的族譜,而且這種族譜僅及賜姓之後。於是十九世紀七十年代,「</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">大甲至雞籠,諸『番』生齒漸衰,村墟零落。其居處、飲食、婚嫁、喪葬、器用之類,半從漢俗。即諳通『番』語者,十不過二三耳</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">」(陳桂培<span lang="EN-US"> 1872:306</span>)。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">相對於竹塹社共同組織的危殆,從守隘所吸取的寶貴經驗,卻使竹塹地區的平埔族人在乾隆末年之後,有能力積極參加保留區外的另一個地區,即隘墾區的開墾工作。例如霄裡社的蕭家之於明興庄,竹塹社衛家方於新興庄,以及竹塹社錢家之於金興庄等。最後並在這個地區開闢出一片雖不如土牛溝內外的土地那麼富庶,卻能充分證明自己的能力和存在,同時也是屬於自己的新天地(施添福<span lang="EN-US"> 1990:87</span>)。這意謂傳統的竹塹社的共同組織瓦解了,他們分散為各姓,融入地方村落,成為漢人社會之一員。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">但是「竹塹社」仍然存在,只是改變了形式。這個形式來自客家,但是和屯田制度不可分割。西元<span lang="EN-US">1860</span>年代(同治年間),竹塹社之共同祭祖已如客家常用之稱呼「烝嘗」,以每年的九十五份屯餉之部份租谷為春秋烝嘗祭祀之用。<span lang="EN-US">1878</span>年建「采田宮」,亦稱新社公館,所謂采田,係因「番」從采田二字。<span lang="EN-US">1904</span>年日人以補償公債的方式,廢番大租。竹塹社人變賣公債,再購水田壹處,作為祭祀公業(王世慶、李季樺<span lang="EN-US"> 1995:134</span>)。至此,竹塹社人以屯田組織及客家的祭祀公業方式,留住所謂竹塹社這個名字。直到<span lang="EN-US">1966</span>年,竹塹社祭祀時仍用道卡斯語請祖先,只是這個竹塹社已非當年的竹塹社(王世慶、李季樺<span lang="EN-US"> 1995:160</span>)。而自此之後,道卡斯語也在人世間絕跡。所謂的竹塹社人,透過父系傳承,及采田宮的共同祭祀,以另外一種社會結構的形式生存下去。至於傳統的竹塹社文化,在現實社會中,已無從聞問了。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<h1 style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0gd;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">結論<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></h1>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">竹塹地區的土地屬於竹塹社,因為這些草埔是他們狩獵梅花鹿的鹿場。但是作為可以成為水田的土地,竹塹社人對它的所有權,係來自於清政府對土地最高的支配權。然而,水田生產所需要的社會結構,不是道卡斯族固有的,於是只有求助於當地客家人;水田生產相對於遊耕的經濟利益,特別是隨之而來土地價值,這樣的商品經濟壓力也不是竹塹社原有社會結構所能承受的;商品經濟背後的文化背景,對竹塹社人而言,更是那麼陌生。在他們學會與漢人對抗之前,西元<span lang="EN-US">1733</span>年,他們已經以區區<st1:chmetcnv hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="3" sourcevalue="20" tcsc="1" unitname="兩" w:st="on">二十兩</st1:chmetcnv>賣掉他們維生的鹿場,即相當於現今新豐鄉這麼大的草埔(施添福<span lang="EN-US"> 1990:80-1</span>)。</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">或許對於竹塹社人而言,遊耕狩獵的曠野一如陽光、河水與清風,誰有不曾擁有它們。只有可笑的漢人才會拿錢跟他們購買那些根本不屬於他們竹塹社人的東西。</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">而即使半個世紀之後的<span lang="EN-US">1798</span>年,所謂竹塹社七房公派下的錢姓與三姓族人,仍以區區<st1:chmetcnv hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="3" sourcevalue="18" tcsc="1" unitname="兩" w:st="on">十八兩</st1:chmetcnv>,在竹塹社內部鬮分了相當於現今湖口鄉三分之一的土地(羅烈師<span lang="EN-US">1997</span>)。結果竹塹社人因生產模式改變導致社會結構解體,最後艱困地揉和客家的祭祀公業與政府的屯田制度,勉強的維持族群的認同。但是離開土地的結果,散布在閩客人海中,婚姻形式改變了,道卡斯族人不再擁有道卡斯母親,當然也學不會道卡斯母語。最後,甚至忘記了世間曾有一個這樣的民族在這塊土地上活動。<a href="file:///F:/%E5%8E%9F%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99%E5%A4%BE/05%E5%9C%96%E8%B3%87/%E8%91%97%E4%BD%9C/%E5%8D%9A%E5%A3%AB%E8%AB%96%E6%96%87/%E8%AB%96%E6%96%87%E6%9C%AC%E6%96%87/%E5%B0%8F%E8%AB%96%E6%96%87/%E7%AB%B9%E5%A1%B9%E7%A4%BE(%E6%94%B9%E7%89%88).DOC#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「給地、賜姓、與封官」對竹塹社人而言,無疑是一條「通往地獄的天堂之路」。它使竹塹社人無可奈何的附麗於執政者,但是卻無法成為統治階級,繼續在整個竹塹地區活動。就在這條路上,閩南及客家劫奪了道卡斯車上豐腴的土地財富。最後,甚至道卡斯人被迫離車而去,於是空盪盪的道卡斯車,默默的駛向歷史的彼端。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<h1 style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0gd;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">附語<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></h1>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">關於平埔之研究中,以凱達格蘭、巴則海、西拉雅等較深入。然而道卡斯族的研究卻有一資料上的優勢:土地申告書,亟待發揮。雖然目前的研究已鉅細靡遺的將土地申告書中,所有關於竹塹社的文書資料蒐錄成冊,但是在研究方法上,卻忽略了可以從土地申告書所記錄的大租口糧名冊中,透過系譜關係的比對,復原竹塹社分界自耕時,各姓的分佈所在。這對竹塹社之社會結構變遷過程的重建,應有重要意義。</span><a href="file:///F:/%E5%8E%9F%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99%E5%A4%BE/05%E5%9C%96%E8%B3%87/%E8%91%97%E4%BD%9C/%E5%8D%9A%E5%A3%AB%E8%AB%96%E6%96%87/%E8%AB%96%E6%96%87%E6%9C%AC%E6%96%87/%E5%B0%8F%E8%AB%96%E6%96%87/%E7%AB%B9%E5%A1%B9%E7%A4%BE(%E6%94%B9%E7%89%88).DOC#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">只有這樣透過進一步的研究,我們才能理解竹塹社文化,也才能進一步像思考西拉雅祀壺文化那樣,思考竹塹地區客家文化<span style="color: black;">與道卡斯文化的合成現象。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<h1 style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0gd;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">參考書目<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></h1>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">六十七居魯<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1807<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">番社采風圖考。臺北:臺灣大通書局。<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">王世慶、李季樺<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1995<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">竹塹社七姓公祭祀公業與采田福地,見潘英海、詹素娟編:平埔<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>研究論文集,頁<span lang="EN-US">128-171</span>。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">李亦園<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1982<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">臺灣土著民族的社會與文化。臺北:聯經。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">李季樺<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1989<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">清代「番兒至老而無妻」的原因初探──以竹塹社為例,臺灣史<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>學術研討會論文集,中華民國臺灣史蹟研究中心。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">施添福<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1990<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">清代臺灣「番黎不諳耕作」的緣由:以竹塹地區為例。民族所集<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>刊,<span lang="EN-US">69:67-89</span>。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">張炎憲、李季樺<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1995<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">竹塹社勢力之衰退之探討,見潘英海、詹素娟編:平埔研究論文<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>集,頁<span lang="EN-US">173-217</span>。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">張炎憲、王世慶、李季樺(主編)<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1993<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">臺灣平埔族文獻資料選集──竹塹社。臺北:中研院臺史所。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">張隆志<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1990<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">族群關係與鄉村臺灣───一個清代臺灣平埔族群史的重建和理<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>解。臺北:臺灣大學出版委員會。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">陳其南<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1990<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">家族與社會。臺北:聯經。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">陳培桂<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1872<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">淡水廳志,臺灣:大通書局新刊。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">黃叔璥<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1724<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">臺灣使槎錄。臺北:臺灣大通書局。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">黃富三<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1981<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">清代臺灣之移民的耕地取得問題及其對土著的影響(上)、<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span> </span>(下),食貨月刊<span lang="EN-US">11(1):19-36</span>;<span lang="EN-US">11(2):26-46</span>。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">黃應貴、葉春榮<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1997<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">從周邊看漢人的社會與文化。臺北:中研究民族所。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">黃應貴 編<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1993<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">人觀、意義與社會。臺北:中研究民族所。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">新竹文獻委員會<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1954<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">新竹文獻會通訊,新竹:新竹文獻委員會。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">潘英海<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1994<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">文化合成與合成文化──頭社村太祖年度祭儀的文化意涵,刊於<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>臺灣與福建社會文化研究論文集,<st1:personname w:st="on">莊英章</st1:personname>、潘英海編,頁<span lang="EN-US">235-256<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>臺北:中研院民族所。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">戴炎輝<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1979<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">清代台灣之鄉治。台北:聯經。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lewis,
I.M.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1985</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(<span lang="EN-US">1976</span>)社會人類學導論(<span lang="EN-US">Social Anthropology in
Perspective.</span>)。黃宣<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>衛、劉容貴譯,臺北:五南出版公司。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kottak,
Conrad Phillip<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1997<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Anthropology: the Exploration of Human
Diversity. <st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">New York</st1:place></st1:state>:
<span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>McGraw Hill Company. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Shepherd,
John Robert<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1993<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Statecraft and Political Economy on the <st1:country-region w:st="on">Taiwan</st1:country-region> Frontier 1600-<span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>1800.Standford: <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on">Stanford</st1:placename>
<st1:placetype w:st="on">University</st1:placetype></st1:place> Press.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Plattner,
Stuart<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1989<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Marxism, in Economic Anthropology, edited by
Plattner. Stanford <span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>California : Stanford University Press.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///F:/%E5%8E%9F%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99%E5%A4%BE/05%E5%9C%96%E8%B3%87/%E8%91%97%E4%BD%9C/%E5%8D%9A%E5%A3%AB%E8%AB%96%E6%96%87/%E8%AB%96%E6%96%87%E6%9C%AC%E6%96%87/%E5%B0%8F%E8%AB%96%E6%96%87/%E7%AB%B9%E5%A1%B9%E7%A4%BE(%E6%94%B9%E7%89%88).DOC#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 細明體; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span>本文發表於「原住民與少數民族的社會文化論述:第二屆全國人類學相關領域研究生論文發表會」,台大人類學系主辦,台北:中央研究院,<span lang="EN-US">2001</span>年<span lang="EN-US">6</span>月<span lang="EN-US">2-3</span>日。筆者時就讀於清華人類所博士班,本文充其量僅是篇讀書報告而已,後亦未再深入。辱承學術同好錯引,授課學生問及此文,爰張貼於個人部落格。</p>
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<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///F:/%E5%8E%9F%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99%E5%A4%BE/05%E5%9C%96%E8%B3%87/%E8%91%97%E4%BD%9C/%E5%8D%9A%E5%A3%AB%E8%AB%96%E6%96%87/%E8%AB%96%E6%96%87%E6%9C%AC%E6%96%87/%E5%B0%8F%E8%AB%96%E6%96%87/%E7%AB%B9%E5%A1%B9%E7%A4%BE(%E6%94%B9%E7%89%88).DOC#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: 細明體; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"> </span><span style="color: black;">近來平埔正名運動方興未艾,長路漫漫,正待觀察。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="file:///F:/%E5%8E%9F%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99%E5%A4%BE/05%E5%9C%96%E8%B3%87/%E8%91%97%E4%BD%9C/%E5%8D%9A%E5%A3%AB%E8%AB%96%E6%96%87/%E8%AB%96%E6%96%87%E6%9C%AC%E6%96%87/%E5%B0%8F%E8%AB%96%E6%96%87/%E7%AB%B9%E5%A1%B9%E7%A4%BE(%E6%94%B9%E7%89%88).DOC#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 細明體; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">張隆志關於巴則海族群史的理解與詮釋提出五個課題與觀點:理番政策與基層社會及鄉治間的關聯影響、租佃契作制度與水稻生產技術在開發史上之經濟及社會意義、親屬及婚姻制度對於其在文化適應及變遷中的影響程、宗教信仰的選擇與其社會文化特質及歷史情境間的演變過程、族群關係及認同意識在不同時空及人文條件下的表現方式。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="file:///F:/%E5%8E%9F%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99%E5%A4%BE/05%E5%9C%96%E8%B3%87/%E8%91%97%E4%BD%9C/%E5%8D%9A%E5%A3%AB%E8%AB%96%E6%96%87/%E8%AB%96%E6%96%87%E6%9C%AC%E6%96%87/%E5%B0%8F%E8%AB%96%E6%96%87/%E7%AB%B9%E5%A1%B9%E7%A4%BE(%E6%94%B9%E7%89%88).DOC#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 細明體; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">日本學者這一分類與清代所謂「生番」「熟番」有直接關係,清代從漢文化立場出發,以「漢化」的深淺程度,作為分類的標準。日本學者則以居住地,作為南島語原住民之分類標準。這一平埔、高山的區分,一直沿用到今。然而這一區分也逐漸受到挑戰分,請參見「人類學在臺灣的發展,國際學術研會」之相關論文。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="file:///F:/%E5%8E%9F%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99%E5%A4%BE/05%E5%9C%96%E8%B3%87/%E8%91%97%E4%BD%9C/%E5%8D%9A%E5%A3%AB%E8%AB%96%E6%96%87/%E8%AB%96%E6%96%87%E6%9C%AC%E6%96%87/%E5%B0%8F%E8%AB%96%E6%96%87/%E7%AB%B9%E5%A1%B9%E7%A4%BE(%E6%94%B9%E7%89%88).DOC#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 細明體; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">關於平埔族的分類,首先由日據時期的日本學者伊能嘉矩與粟野傳之丞於西元<span lang="EN-US">1900</span>年出版的「臺灣番人事情」,奠定初步的系統分類基礎。後起學者在這基礎上,多所修正,目前仍有許多不同的意見,未有定論。相關文獻請參考<st1:personname w:st="on">莊英章</st1:personname><span lang="EN-US"> 1988 </span>臺灣平埔族研究書目彙編,臺北:中研院民族所。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///F:/%E5%8E%9F%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99%E5%A4%BE/05%E5%9C%96%E8%B3%87/%E8%91%97%E4%BD%9C/%E5%8D%9A%E5%A3%AB%E8%AB%96%E6%96%87/%E8%AB%96%E6%96%87%E6%9C%AC%E6%96%87/%E5%B0%8F%E8%AB%96%E6%96%87/%E7%AB%B9%E5%A1%B9%E7%A4%BE(%E6%94%B9%E7%89%88).DOC#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 細明體; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">見於伊能嘉矩,臺灣蕃政志,<span lang="EN-US">1904:443-4</span>。轉引自施添福<span lang="EN-US"> 1990:80-1</span>。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="mso-pagination: lines-together; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="file:///F:/%E5%8E%9F%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99%E5%A4%BE/05%E5%9C%96%E8%B3%87/%E8%91%97%E4%BD%9C/%E5%8D%9A%E5%A3%AB%E8%AB%96%E6%96%87/%E8%AB%96%E6%96%87%E6%9C%AC%E6%96%87/%E5%B0%8F%E8%AB%96%E6%96%87/%E7%AB%B9%E5%A1%B9%E7%A4%BE(%E6%94%B9%E7%89%88).DOC#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 細明體; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">此一形式的祖靈祭亦見於嘉義的和安雅族、埔里的貓霧揀族、臺中平原的巴則海族。李亦園將這四者合稱為「賽跑型」祖靈祭,見李亦園<span lang="EN-US"> 1982:36-37</span>。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///F:/%E5%8E%9F%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99%E5%A4%BE/05%E5%9C%96%E8%B3%87/%E8%91%97%E4%BD%9C/%E5%8D%9A%E5%A3%AB%E8%AB%96%E6%96%87/%E8%AB%96%E6%96%87%E6%9C%AC%E6%96%87/%E5%B0%8F%E8%AB%96%E6%96%87/%E7%AB%B9%E5%A1%B9%E7%A4%BE(%E6%94%B9%E7%89%88).DOC#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 細明體; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">此一說法近乎權力上的傲慢偏執,但是卻又莫可奈何。就好像新大陸當然無勞哥倫布之渡海而後存在,但是純粹對西方人而言,新大陸確實是哥倫布所發現的。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///F:/%E5%8E%9F%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99%E5%A4%BE/05%E5%9C%96%E8%B3%87/%E8%91%97%E4%BD%9C/%E5%8D%9A%E5%A3%AB%E8%AB%96%E6%96%87/%E8%AB%96%E6%96%87%E6%9C%AC%E6%96%87/%E5%B0%8F%E8%AB%96%E6%96%87/%E7%AB%B9%E5%A1%B9%E7%A4%BE(%E6%94%B9%E7%89%88).DOC#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 細明體; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span>筆者有位熟稔的友人,積極投入客家運動多年,也以客家為其自我認同。近年平埔意識的覺醒,頓時使他陷入認同危機。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///F:/%E5%8E%9F%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99%E5%A4%BE/05%E5%9C%96%E8%B3%87/%E8%91%97%E4%BD%9C/%E5%8D%9A%E5%A3%AB%E8%AB%96%E6%96%87/%E8%AB%96%E6%96%87%E6%9C%AC%E6%96%87/%E5%B0%8F%E8%AB%96%E6%96%87/%E7%AB%B9%E5%A1%B9%E7%A4%BE(%E6%94%B9%E7%89%88).DOC#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 細明體; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">參見羅烈師<span lang="EN-US"> 1997 </span>清華碩士論文。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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</div><br /><p></p>大學、客庄與老街http://www.blogger.com/profile/14881989716307424626noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1695181431448501431.post-58526425675394597472022-05-13T13:56:00.001+08:002022-05-13T13:56:27.405+08:00導論:《qmul rhzyal Tayal?開山打林?逆寫北臺灣客庄形成史的想像與實踐》<p> </p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">導論</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">羅烈師</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; margin-top: 18.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-para-margin-top: 1.0gd; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">2020</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">初夏,偶然接到唸了哲學又從政的高中老友電話,問筆者做了半輩子的客家研究,有什麼新構想嗎?老友成長於苗栗獅潭,有豐富的原客經驗;筆者祖先來臺後,入關西,遷新埔,最後才到出身地湖口,而離開關西則是因為第二代長子遇泰雅出草而成了「無頭祖公」。於是原客關係下的臺灣客家開發史,成為兩個客家人的談話重點,而「逆寫」(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">write back</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">)兩字順勢跳了出來,至今倏忽兩年。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h1 style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">逆寫</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">「逆寫」是後殖民文學理論的語彙,語出</span><span lang="EN-US">Bill Ashcroft</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">等三位澳洲學者在</span><span lang="EN-US">1989 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年合著出版的《逆寫帝國:後殖民文學的理論與實踐》(</span><span lang="EN-US">The Empire Writes Back: Theory and Practice in Post-Colonial
Literatures</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">)一書。後殖民文學主要是指兩次大戰後,脫離殖民而獨立的國家的文學,被殖民國作家以殖民帝國的語言,但以自身國家為敘事主體,書寫其歷史文化,而與殖民國對抗。因此,後殖民作家既糾纏在跨文化的權力關係中,也不得不深切反思自身所使用的殖民國語言。《逆寫帝國》一書就此在理論與實踐的層次上,提出語言層次上的棄用、挪用、混用、注解或變種等;還有修辭層次上的譬喻、借代及交互語言等;以及文學理論層次的詮釋、沉默、真實性、他者性或邊緣性等「逆寫」策略(</span><span lang="EN-US">Ashcroft</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">等</span> <span lang="EN-US">1998</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">)。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">研究者從這個逆寫角度討論布農族首篇長篇小說《玉山魂》,本書作者霍斯陸曼.伐伐(</span><span lang="EN-US">Husluma</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">.</span><span lang="EN-US">Vava</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">即王新民,</span><span lang="EN-US">1958-2007</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">)原為小學老師,</span><span lang="EN-US">1996</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年棄職投入原住民文學創作;</span><span lang="EN-US">2006</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年出版《玉山魂》,隔年獲得臺灣文學獎長篇小說金典獎。小說以布農族少年「烏瑪斯」為故事的主人翁,透過「烏瑪斯」的成長經驗、生活歷練、所見所聞、心靈思考及與大地萬物的接觸等等,從中介紹布農族社群與社群之間的血緣關係、布農族狩獵農耕與大自然之間相依相存的情感、玉山山脈週邊山川縱谷、四季美景的變化、傳統宗教及祭典節慶等生命之旅。帶領讀者進入古樸的部落世界,讓讀者與部落族人共同呼吸,共同歡笑,共同哀傷,從而成為族人的朋友,並深刻認識到:布農族人是勤勞、節儉、刻苦、勇敢、剛毅及友愛的民族圖像(霍斯陸曼.伐伐</span>
<span lang="EN-US">2003</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">)。由於原住民族母語與漢語之間有著文化鴻溝,在運用漢語的過程中,難以避免漢人文化的思維與邏輯影響,當作家不得不使用漢語為書寫工具時,就必須面對逆寫的問題。研究者發現,伐伐雖然挪用漢語為寫作語言,但卻以「注解」及「交互語言」(</span><span lang="EN-US">interlanguage</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">)的逆寫策略,呈現與記錄自身族群文化,從而彰顯原住民族的主體性(高旋淨</span><span lang="EN-US"> 2013</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">)。因此,伐伐是以《玉山的生命精靈》、《那年我們祭拜祖靈》、《中央山脈的守護者──布農族》、《黥片》,乃至於最後一本著作《玉山魂》,打造一個以玉山民族為主體的文學國度,或說伐伐以文字發起了聖域詮釋權的文學運動(乜寇</span>
<span lang="EN-US">2008</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">)。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">既然後殖民文學理論所提出之逆寫觀念,雖然著力於語言或者說書寫文字之討論,但是其本質是「被殖民者」之主體建構,就像《玉山魂》是伐伐的布<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">農主體建構;那麼,筆者身為客家,重新思索臺灣客家開發史,意謂著什麼</span>呢?是類比於原住民族的客家主體性建構嗎?顯然不是。因為原客關係中的權力天秤係倒向客家,客家以漢人身份,在這開發史中,佔據著主體位置,無所謂逆寫。對於客家研究者而言,應該要反思的是在這客家為主體的開發史論述中,如何定位原住民族。</span><a href="https://nycu1-my.sharepoint.com/personal/asiilo_m365_nycu_edu_tw/Documents/02%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6/%E5%AE%A2%E5%A7%94%E6%9C%83%E5%AD%B8%E8%A1%93/%E5%B0%88%E6%A1%88/%E9%80%86%E5%AF%AB%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6/%E5%B0%88%E6%9B%B8/%E8%AB%96%E6%96%87/%E5%B0%8E%E8%AB%96.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">於是筆者與友人邀集同好,歷經幾次工作坊及研討會及邀稿,收納以下六篇文章,作為初步的逆寫成果。除筆者外,作者包含</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Iban Nokan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">與劉柳書琴以及梁廷毓、羅文君與陳龍田等六位人類學、民族學、歷史學與藝術學等學術專長之客家、泰雅、布農學者及博碩士生。其主題包含三面向:方志與碑記等歷史書寫、集體記憶之建構、以及空間界域維持,前者有兩篇,討論應予逆寫的客家書寫文本;後二者共四篇則從泰雅集體記憶與空間聚落,思索逆寫的取向。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h1 style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">歷史</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">前兩篇文章蒐集既有之鄉鎮市區客庄方志與碑記類地方書寫,作為逆寫之主要討論文本對象。筆者〈北臺灣原客鄉鎮志的原住民族書寫檢討與建議〉一</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">文,<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">整理了北臺灣</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">15</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">部客庄鄉鎮志著眼於原住民族書寫,發現可依其篇幅詳略,區分成「專篇或專章」、專節、「主題略及或欠缺」等三種型態;而其中又以在歷史篇拓墾章中,專節描述原住民族與客家漢人衝突的鄉鎮市志,佔最多數。同時,整體鄉鎮市志之原住民族書寫,還顯現了相當程度的地域性趨勢:原住民族與客家複合行政區,亦即客家與原住民直接相臨或境內有原住民聚落者,其鄉鎮志之原住民族書寫篇幅略多,且有專篇或專章;其他客家文化重點發展區則幾乎只在拓墾史中,以敵對者的形象,書寫原住民族。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">方志之書寫的整體架構大致上乃承襲自中華帝國傳統方志之體例,視地方住民為「民」,或者如當代視之為「公民」,「族群」並非撰述之主體對象,亦即客家文化重點發展區之方志的「客家性」也往往不是修志的重點。換言之,這種趨勢與現象我們不妨稱之為「漢人中心主義」,且以「開發」而納入治理版圖為本質。換言之,客庄方志之原住民族書寫呈現集體失憶現象,亦即曾經在本地區生活的原住民族部落已經被遺忘;如果沒被遺忘則呈現「污名化」的形象,且僅存於歷史記憶中。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">筆者進一步以北埔鄉為主的大隘三鄉(寶山與峨眉)為例,盤點其原住民族書寫,並參考北埔相關研究成果,提出史蹟保存與史觀重構兩項建議。前者係針對目前修志之篇章架構現況下,應該在既有的歷史篇、文化篇、人物篇等,增加原住民族書為篇幅。後者則建議應該有賽夏族專篇,同時整體鄉志應採取互為主體的史觀。鄉鎮區市等地方志之重修有其地方行政之慣例,建議政府主管機關可將去污名化、去漢人開發史觀、原客互為主體及專篇書寫等,以「準則式」的修志規範,納入未來各地方政府修志之計畫中。最後,鄉鎮區層級的地方志由於以鄉鎮區所轄行政區域為範圍,其原住民族書寫勢必有所局限,因此縣志或直轄市志的規模應該較能發揮。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">第二篇文章為陳龍田〈北臺灣原客關係相關公開文字資料蒐集介紹與分析〉,該文依據幾項公開資料庫及</span><span lang="EN-US">GIS</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">平台,建置網站,並分別從內容、形式、地點及語文等面向,分析北臺灣原客地區的傳統碑記或當代地景展示之原客關係書寫。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">其一,從內容方面分析,這些碑記資料的用字頻繁出現「醜類、兇番、凶蕃及蠻人等負面貶抑辭彙,表達了特定時空背景下,當地客庄的心情。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">其二,依設置地點分析,絕大多數人口較密集的平地或近山的廟宇中所見碑記,對於早期平埔或山地原住民形象偏多負面的陳述,且多半與衝突以及後續官府的解決有關。反之,在部落或是登山步道中則較容易見到關於原住民較為平實或多元的描述,內容多是以現代化的白話文書寫方式來描述與日人的互動或衝突。這二者之書寫內容與資料出現位置可謂交集無多,這雖然可以視為官方路長期採用原漢分治下,無可避免的結果;但是既然這些資料都已製作,卻未能為大眾瀏覽,不免可惜。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">其三,從形式方面分析,平地的書寫成品通常鐫刻在石板等堅硬材質上,且會放置於如廟中或亭內等有遮蓋的地方,設置之後,直到建築空間整修,才可能新作或增做。反之,許多的跟原住民相關書寫成果往往以大圖輸出轉印的方式,置於戶外林野展板,遭受風吹雨淋;即便是在室內以展覽方式呈現,除非是常設展,不然可能會有配合展期更替的問題。二者相比,後者不易保存;甚至我們透過網路上不同時間登山客的紀錄,就已經可以發現某些展版已經身首分離,亟待修補。這種非永久材料之展示方示,未來也很難被當作古物保存,成為正式的書寫。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">最後,依使用之語文分析,目前少數以原住民相關事務為主題的碑文,已採用中文與當地原住民族語並置的方式,例如新北市三峽的忠魂碑、新北市烏來的高砂義勇紀念園區,分別由政府與民間團體推動設立;另外,苗栗縣後龍鎮地區也曾因應推動文化復振而在街道上多處張貼平埔族語的教學卡片。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h1 style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">記憶</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">關於族群之間的衝突歷史,方志或碑記等客家地方書寫呈現了漢人中心主義且開發史的立場,早期方志中,原住民族多以拓墾史的負面形象出現,之後隨客家地方社會之建立,原住民族就被淡忘,消失在地方史中。直到最近,原客複合行政區的方志才出現獨立篇章的「民族誌式」原住民族書寫,但是方志其餘篇章,則仍改變無多。亦即客庄對於曾有的原漢互動歷史,呈現集體遺忘的狀態。梁廷毓與劉柳書琴以田野訪談或報刊媒體訊息,討論此一記憶的雙重性以及殖民國家在其中所扮演的角色。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">桃園市與新竹縣的大溪區、復興區、關西鎮、橫山鄉、尖石鄉、五峰鄉境內,是客家與原住民族接壤的地帶。清治時期,原住民聚落包含今關西鎮的馬武督社、橫山鄉的馬福社、橫跨尖石與橫山鄉的麥樹仁社、馬胎社以及活動於橫山鄉大山背與五峰鄉境內的十八孩兒社等等。梁廷毓〈桃園、新竹沿山地區泰雅部落的原漢族群互動記憶〉一文,以部落耆老的口述資料,討論原客之間的互動記憶。該文置重點於追訪桃園市復興區的三民、長興,新竹縣的馬武督、麥樹仁、桃山等地泰雅耆老對獵首的記憶及其在當代族人詮釋中的意涵。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">當代泰雅耆老對於獵首有著兩種不同的態度,其一,族人對漢人有著不滿與仇恨;其二,違背泰雅</span><span lang="EN-US">gaga</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">精神,恐受詛咒而</span><span lang="EN-US">yaqih qbuli </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">(斷後、香火不好)。雖然耆老的口述中明確表達了「漢人侵逼」,而原住民群起反抗將之殺除。但是,當檢視今日部落的命運或個人意外和境遇時,卻未必從政治、經濟等社會條件來批判主流漢人社會所造成的結構性問題;反而從昔日獵首儀式與族群衝突中的殺人行為,認為祖先的行為違背了泰雅的</span><span lang="EN-US">gaga</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">律則。換言之,當代部落耆老們,以今日的道德價值,衡量先人的行為,並透過對</span><span lang="EN-US">gaga</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">的理<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">解,並以之解釋今日部落與族人的境遇。於是形成兩個相互矛盾的詮釋,持續並存的複雜現象。</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">劉柳書琴〈梅嘎蒗社的苦難:櫻花林下的內橫屏山隘勇線抵抗記憶〉也在前述梁文研究範圍內,即</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">尖石前山,從油羅溪源頭沿六畜山、拉號山、尖石山、加拉排山、麥樹仁山、外橫屏山、向天湖山、內橫屏山、油羅山,迤邐到上坪溪流域。自清中葉以來,這是泰雅族、賽夏族、道卡斯與客家人及少數福佬人的接壤之地。原漢多個族群,以頭前溪兩大支流以及海拔一千米上下的一群中級山,形成自然疆界,各踞一方又交錯往來,形成環山最前線的多族群畛域。然而,在</span><span lang="EN-US">1895</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年台灣割讓到</span><span lang="EN-US">1915</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年理蕃政策結束前的整整二十年,這片環山前沿之境,因為殖民武力與同化治理激起的社會轉型,暫息了舊有的原漢多角互動。日本產、官、學團體成為主導社會結構與族群關係的最大勢力,並支配到文化層面,形成原日二元對應的結構。劉柳書琴聚焦內橫屏山區,旁及向天湖山、油羅山、麥巴來山區,進行尖石前山隘勇線抵抗記憶的挖掘,發現殖民初期日本軍警討伐掃蕩的記憶<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">,</span>在此地泰雅族村落中已經淡薄。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">為了理解這種集體記憶變遷的過程,該文藉由《台灣日日新報》之相關報導,梳理官方打造「內橫屏觀櫻」出現的背景與過程,分析內橫屏櫻花符號的意義賦予與擴散效益,從而理解官廳以「勝景旅行」解構「血染之地」的記憶政治操作。該文更進一步分析《台灣日日新報》討伐記事,嘗試穿透討伐隊的發文,勝利者的餘光中,拼湊當地梅嘎蒗群的抵抗姿影;更藉此關注橫亙十餘年的武力征服過程,對當地人集體記憶造成的影響。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">劉柳書琴認為這一追索不只是描繪當地人破碎記憶與混雜地方感,理解尖石鄉櫻花意象與記憶形成的框架。同時在實踐層次上,她也認為原住民族的社區發展,除了與自然環境、基礎建設、價值創造有關,集體記憶也影響了居民的認同、共識與共同行動,因此集體記憶的分析,不只是文史盤整,亦是地方創生與實驗教育的基石。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h1 style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">空間</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">羅文君的故事也落在前述梁與劉柳兩文的地區內,即現在習慣稱為尖石鄉嘉樂村的「旮旯牌」。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">1921</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">年,日本資本家早川鐵冶(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">1865-?</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">)向總督府取得原住民族界內的土地,從事造林與農作等開發活動。隨後數年,早川與其代理者招募大量客家漢人入山開墾,以土地使用權交換其勞動力,藉此克服蕃地事業的種種困難。旮旯牌即在此林野的資本主義化過程中逐步成形,將早川的事業地打造成一片漢人集居地域。戰後,由於居民遲遲無法取得土地所有權,導致旮旯牌的瓦解。因此,羅文君將故事稱為〈由縫隙出發的歷史──旮旯牌聚落的形成與離散〉。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">相較於清治政府的邊區治理,日治政府及國民政府初期的山林治理,對於平地人移入山地具有更強的約束力,同時將山林資源收歸國有並進行更大規模、更具組織的開採,此種情況下形成的移居聚落勢必將比清治時期的拓墾聚落更被外在環境所宰制。</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">旮旯牌本身不只是帝國與地方行政單位進行山林治理時所界定出來的邊區,與國家以及資本主義相伴而生;亦是事業經營者與佃人的創造的異域。移民們處在山地治理與森林經營的多重政策間隙之內,一方面渴望著「界域」所暗示的流動性甚至策略性營生的可能,另一方面卻在多重治理系統的囿限中,難以脫身。更仔細地來看,旮旯牌作為跨越蕃界並在營生之餘滿足資本家需求的漢人群體,既不在國家之外,也不是山地治理直接要處理或攏絡的對象,同時,它也不是成形後相對穩定、能被動員而與國家互動抗衡的社群。從略顯鬆散的居所、成員們各行其是的日常生活到最終宿命性地流失,除了每年固定的祭祀活動,以及兩次無力回天的抗爭以外,似難再見到旮旯牌作為集體被有效動員的時刻。換言之,位在邊境的旮旯牌既缺乏立場及手段能據之與國家相對,其成員亦少有透過跨境進行積累的主動性;似是偶然流入縫隙中的沙礫,雖然塑出了群體的外形卻終難穩固。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">離開梁、劉柳與羅三人所討論的頭前溪上游,沿大漢溪北上到三峽。</span><span lang="EN-US">Iban Nokan</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">之〈原住民族領土權、空間政治與轉型正義:以</span><span lang="EN-US">Tayal[Bngciq]</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">(泰雅族大豹社群)為例〉,討論領土(</span><span lang="EN-US">territory</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">)、空間政治與轉型正義三者間之關係。</span><span lang="EN-US">Tayal[Bngciq]</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">領土的大部分在日本統治</span><span lang="EN-US">1920-1930</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年代,才先後從臺北州海山郡未設街庄的「蕃地」,逐次被劃歸為三峽庄的行政區域內,失去了「蕃地」的特殊地位。戰後,更被劃歸由三峽庄改制而成的臺北縣三峽鎮(今新北市三峽區),而未劃為獨立的「山地鄉」或併入鄰近「山地鄉」。</span><span lang="EN-US">Iban</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">以這一個案,討論原住民族問題中最核心、最實質、也最複雜的土地問題,其中不僅涉及歷史、主權與人權,更和國家主權與原住民族主權以及族際關係纏繞、糾結。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Iban</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">主張原住民族部落現在以及過去生活的土地範圍空間,是部落維繫生存的命脈所在,也同時是原住民族生活智慧的實踐場所,應該視之為原住民族的領土。而在當代國際人權法關於原住民族權利的法律框架內,原住民族不僅要求對其領土、土地和自然資源享有所有權和使用權,對於被占領和破壞的領土、土地和自然資源,則要求歸還或享有從國家政府獲得賠償的權利。因此,應依循《聯合國原住民族權利宣言》所肯認的原住民族土地權利,要求國家歸</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">還臺灣各原住民族歷來擁有、佔有或以其他方式使用或獲得的領土、土地和自然資源;對於歸還確有困難者,則給予公正、合理和公平補償。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US">Iban</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">認為,唯有合理劃分原住民族行政區域,才能落實原住民族自治政策以及原住民族地區之發展。有關自治區行政區域之劃分、調整,應由中央主管原住民族事務機關、各民族代表及自治籌備團體共同規劃。而其範圍至少應含括</span><span lang="EN-US">1920</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">(大正</span><span lang="EN-US">9</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">)年臺灣總督府重新調整行政區劃時的「未置街庄蕃地」七百二十四蕃社,以及原屬蕃地但後來因行政區域調整而陸續被劃入街庄區域內者,始能符應《聯合國原住民族權利宣言》的規定以及轉型正義</span><span lang="EN-US">/</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">空間正義的精神與原則。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h1 style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">結語</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">本書之出版自然是為了總結這一趟學術同好們以北臺灣為範圍的客家開發史的初步思索歷程,起初擬依學術習慣,命名為「領域、記憶與族群書寫:逆寫北台灣客家開發史論文集」,然而充滿漢人中心主義的「開發」一辭,正是應該逆寫的概念,顯然不妥。經與</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Iban Nokan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">討論後,採泰雅語與客語並列的方式,最後定名為《</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">qmul rhzyal Tayal</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">?開山打林?》,意即華語「搶奪泰雅土地?還是開發山林?」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">這是一部關於土地控制權的轉移歷史,行動者大至世界體系下的傳統王朝、殖民帝國或當代國家等不行形式的政權統治者,中經具有武力的聯合拓墾組織、非武力的跨國公司或部落村社家族等,小到掙扎求存的個人。此刻,國家對土地的控制具體化為鄉鎮市區等行政區域,而北臺灣原住民族與客家接壤的行政區域包含以鄉(區)命名原住民族行政區、原客複合行政區、以及客家文化重點發展區。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">回歸本書「客家『開發』史」的討論,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Iban Nokan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">以三峽大豹社為例,闡述它從「蕃地」變成漢人街庄的過程;而依</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Iban</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">所主張原住民族領土觀念來思考,我們需要一部高於/等於憲法層次的鉅觀視野,重新逆寫前述客家重點發展區之各客庄形成的歷史;實際上,筆者與陳龍田也相同地</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">針對大隘三鄉(北埔、峨眉與寶山)之方志書寫,勾勒了賽夏被驅趕且部份仍留住該地區的過程。<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">然而這一書寫必定十分複雜,因為資本主義過去與現在、未來也不會停止對之敲打與搖撼;而我們從羅文君的旮旯牌,就看到客庄飛地如何在在敲打搖撼的隙縫中,細砂般出入流瀉。</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">劉柳書琴與梁廷毓在原客交界聚落,翻檢了集體記憶形塑的過程,發現殖民者用初春賞櫻,遮掩了血染的曾經;傷痛之餘,仍尋問著當地將會如何挪用這象徵,轉而彰顯泰雅主體。這疑問應該也會穿山越谷,相同地提醒客庄。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 18.0pt; mso-para-margin-top: 1.0gd; text-indent: 24.1pt;"><span lang="EN-US">2021</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年初冬,交清兩校三系所合辦內橫屏山走讀,最後一站的客家上坪聚落前,師生臨溪群集,我立石東指:</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 4.13gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: 1.0gd;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">如果大霸尖山是蛋黃<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.55pt; mso-para-margin-left: 4.13gd;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">今天我們輕輕<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 49.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-left: 4.13gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">敲了蛋殼幾下<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">身為半輩子的客家研究者,這兩年來思索原客互為主體的北臺灣史,應該也只是輕輕敲了幾下。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: red;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: 1.0gd;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">參考書目</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -3.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><a name="_Hlk102120347"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">Ashcroft</span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">, Bill,<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>Gareth Griffiths and Helen Tiffin</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">1998[1989]</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,《</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">逆寫帝國-後殖民文學的理論與實踐》。高雄市:駱駝出版社</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -3.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">乜寇,</span><span lang="EN-US">2008</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,〈永遠的玉山魂〉。發表於《東谷沙飛的文學與思維》,</span><span lang="EN-US">UDN</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">部落格,</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://blog.udn.com/tongkusaveq/1578621">https://blog.udn.com/tongkusaveq/1578621</a></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">;</span><span lang="EN-US">2022/4/30</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">登入。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -3.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">高旋淨,</span><span lang="EN-US">2013</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,〈臺灣原住民文學的逆寫策略:以小說《玉山魂》為例〉。刊於《臺灣原住民族研究》,卷</span><span lang="EN-US">6</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">第四期,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">119-146</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -3.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">霍斯陸曼.伐伐,</span><span lang="EN-US">2003</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,〈長篇小說創作發表專案</span><span lang="EN-US">-</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">玉山魂序曲〉。刊於《國藝會補助成果檔案庫》,</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://archive.ncafroc.org.tw/novel/work/4028880e6c0914f0016c091554060074">https://archive.ncafroc.org.tw/novel/work/4028880e6c0914f0016c091554060074</a></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">;</span><span lang="EN-US">2022/4/30</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">登入。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -3.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US">--------</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,</span><span lang="EN-US">2006</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,《玉山魂》。新北市:</span><span lang="EN-US">INK</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">印刻。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="https://nycu1-my.sharepoint.com/personal/asiilo_m365_nycu_edu_tw/Documents/02%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6/%E5%AE%A2%E5%A7%94%E6%9C%83%E5%AD%B8%E8%A1%93/%E5%B0%88%E6%A1%88/%E9%80%86%E5%AF%AB%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6/%E5%B0%88%E6%9B%B8/%E8%AB%96%E6%96%87/%E5%B0%8E%E8%AB%96.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">反之,對於原住民族身份的研究者而言,則是經由逆寫而爭回主體的過程中,如何擺放搶奪土地資源的客家/漢人。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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</div>大學、客庄與老街http://www.blogger.com/profile/14881989716307424626noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1695181431448501431.post-78051797027924408882022-04-04T21:40:00.000+08:002022-04-04T21:40:14.090+08:00推薦序:仰望山巔<p> </p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">推薦序:仰望山巔</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">羅烈師</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 24.0pt; margin-right: 24.0pt; margin-top: 18.0pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-top: 1.0gd;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">以文化心理學的探究視角來切入,可以如何豐厚客家研究?<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 24.0pt; margin-right: 24.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; text-align: right; word-break: break-all;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-themecolor: text1;">----</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">李文玫</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-themecolor: text1;">2008<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">文化心理學對於我的客家研究者身份而言,是個陌生的學科。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">書寫這篇序言時,正值籌辦及參與交大客院的「</span><span lang="EN-US">2018</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年跨域客家與族群研究國際研討會」,三天的發表、提問與論辯,有人類學、社會學、歷史學、地理學、語言學、傳播學、文學與戲劇等來自東北亞、東南亞、美洲及紐澳等學者<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">齊聚一堂,沐浴在跨學科知識流域裡,令人愉悅。然而,這個場合裡卻沒見到心理學門的研究者,本來這似乎不奇怪,但文玫的研究確實提醒了客家學界應該思考這一問題。</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: red;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">文玫的研究聚焦於行動者,這與「社會」與「文化」的取向顯然有別。本書《客家敘說‧敘說客家:一種文化心理學的探究》,四篇主文的研究對象是兩位女詩人與一群社會文化行動者(或者說某種文史工作者或社造行動者),女詩人方面討論的是主體的能動性與主體性的發展歷程,社會文化行動者則剖析其情感結構及其行動的實踐本質。如果泯除研究對象的差異,則前三篇文章談主體性本身的性質、動力與歷程;而最後一篇可以視為是全書結論,主張人作為能動性的主體,與社會系統間有一種相互依賴的動態關係。透過如此對於行動者的主體分析,我們便可以跟那些以社會與文化為進路之研究者,相互詰問對話;也因此,文玫稱此為「社會文化心理學」的研究視角。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-themecolor: text1;">這樣的研究取向導入客家研究後,產生何種研究洞視呢?文玫在兩位女詩人的作品與生命史中發現,客家,這一臺灣相對少數的族群文化成為其個人主體能動性的載體;而翻檢審視一大群社會文化行動者的敘說後,探得其心裡潛藏著一種「客家情感結構」,而這結構係雙面性的「既嫌棄又渴望」、「離家與回鄉」及「傳統與創新」,成為一股強大的內在動力。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">梳理至此,不禁引人發問,這樣的情感結構是否是普同於戰後出生而於</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">1980</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">年代起,陸續成熟的客家世代呢?更值得思索的是,這樣的情感結構觀點如果放回臺灣史上曾經存在的結黨尚爭、健訟好鬥、勤耕雨讀、保守吝嗇、四頭四尾及硬頸等客家刻板印象中,如何展開研究對話呢?我想,這樣的研究想像或許可以是本書的下一個發問吧!</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">關於「文化心理學如何豐厚客家研究?」,文玫全書結論大開大闔地提出三項可能。其一,文玫認為近四十年客家研究之萌發到客家知識體系之架構,可以視為是客家學術社群基集體焦慮的成果;其二,從原鄉情結與集體潛意識來探究客家「遷移」的議題;最後,隱形客家與對於語言消失與復興的關切與努力,可以視為是失語與尋語的狀態。對應於這三項可能性,本書目前的成果顯然只是立足山麓而仰望山巔罷了;而筆者檢索國內心理學界期刊,以客家為題名的文章僅有一篇,作者正是文玫;而心理學相關系所客家直接相關之碩博士論文也僅有五篇。這樣看來,未來心理學研究者在客家研究施展身手之場面,更令人預期。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">最後,以一篇故事結束這篇短短的序文。我的祖先</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">220</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">年前來到臺灣,我幸運地保留他高齡</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">74</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">的兩封家書,一封託帶回唐山故鄉,一封寫給持家的第三子:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 12.0pt; margin-right: 12.0pt; margin-top: 18.0pt; mso-para-margin: 1.0gd;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 標楷體; mso-themecolor: text1;">離別家鄉,徙居外國,謀食家計,至往異境,天各一方。<span lang="EN-US">…</span>愚叔欲歸梓里,無奈山遙海隔,又兼年邁,行年七十四歲矣,看來台灣府作始祖之客。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 12.0pt; margin-right: 12.0pt; margin-top: 18.0pt; mso-para-margin: 1.0gd;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 標楷體; mso-themecolor: text1;">字示我兒知之,爾父<span lang="EN-US">…</span>三月初一<span lang="EN-US">…</span>睡至半夜,身中發寒,至雞啼天亮,發熱,一連五六日夜,飲食不進<span lang="EN-US">…</span>至初十日稍愈。目今康健,血氣有些衰弱,兒不必遠慮。<span lang="EN-US">…</span>再者,未知家中諸事如何?又未知房屋有蓋整?如無蓋整,爾母親夜眠一床位,的要遮蓋。春雨來時,夜晚艱辛,至囑至囑。<span lang="EN-US">…</span>爾兄弟四人,日要勤儉生涯,晚要守顧房屋,餘無多囑。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">那一年是道光</span><span lang="EN-US">11</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年(</span><span lang="EN-US">1831</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">),一家先前落腳關西下橫坑庄,長子因原住民與漢人紛爭而慘被馘首,全家只得退居新埔,以保安全;次子又不幸患病,散盡家貲,仍告不治。<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">這故事總令我心酸之中,帶著幾絲溫暖;而文玫指引著我一條更貼近移民心理的思路。</span></span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>大學、客庄與老街http://www.blogger.com/profile/14881989716307424626noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1695181431448501431.post-59726700730497140892021-10-04T20:17:00.001+08:002021-10-04T20:25:54.958+08:00客家民間信仰導論<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"> 《<span face="新細明體, serif" style="text-align: center;">客家民間信仰》導論</span></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">羅烈師</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">本書設定主題為「客家民間信仰」,其內涵有兩層次,其一在地方社會的層次上,客家族群民間信仰的自身的特殊性與臺灣漢人的一般性;其二則為族群認同的層次上,民間信仰作為臺灣客家族群論述的一環。其實質對象包含三山國王、媽祖、三官大帝、伯公與義民,以下先以三山國王信仰的族群屬性談起,其次展開地方社會構成原理的討論,最後收攝於義民與族群認同議題。</span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNb8q1yC_vru-NxMMKbI5nHKn1Cl542VRxLDdpP_LEKTtrQiUuXAOUaGU43ZuRtQRc7ffduR8twSJHuyU5b6MoTvp3Vfefj-cOpmGyNqplExIt_qG8BYvtk_utyDYwKgQ9Pff63MQIJaw7/s2048/9789869719841.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="2048" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNb8q1yC_vru-NxMMKbI5nHKn1Cl542VRxLDdpP_LEKTtrQiUuXAOUaGU43ZuRtQRc7ffduR8twSJHuyU5b6MoTvp3Vfefj-cOpmGyNqplExIt_qG8BYvtk_utyDYwKgQ9Pff63MQIJaw7/s320/9789869719841.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;"><br /><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><p></p>
<h1><span face="標楷體" style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 300%; mso-themecolor: text1;">一、信仰中的族群歷史線索<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></h1>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">以民間信仰為進路的客家研究始於歷史學者尹章義,<span lang="EN-US">1985</span>年尹章義發表了〈閩粵移民的協和與對立:客屬潮州人開發臺北與新莊三山國王廟的興衰史〉一文,其文以新莊廣福宮廟史為中心,依族譜、老字據與官方檔案等資料,發現了臺北平原的拓墾者並無閩、粵、漳、泉先後之分,亦無平原丘陵之分;拓墾之初的臺北是一個雖有若干個體矛盾衝突,整體而言卻稱得上和睦雜處的墾殖社會。這一各籍移民雜處的情形在清道光年間發生變化:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 24.0pt; margin-right: 24.0pt; margin-top: 18.0pt; margin: 18pt 24pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-top: 1.0gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face="標楷體" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-themecolor: text1;">道光六年今苗栗中港溪一帶閩粵械鬪,十三年桃園一帶閩粵各庄造謠分類,互相殘殺,苗栗銅鑼一帶,靠山粵匪無故焚掠閩莊,公然掠搶,十四年蔓延到八里岔、新莊一帶,閩粵遂展開長達六年的纏鬪,直到道光二十年中,英鴉片戰起,英艦進窺臺灣,臺灣情勢緊急,粵人變賣田業,遷到今桃園、新竹、苗栗一帶的粵人區後才停止。(尹章義<span lang="EN-US"> 1985</span>)<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">尹章義把這一段從<span lang="EN-US">18</span>世紀末到<span lang="EN-US">19</span>世紀中,閩粵共同開發臺北,由容忍相安、矛盾衝突到對立血戰的歷史,導致粵人遷離臺北地區的史實,稱為臺灣內部整合運動,也因此名其論文為「協和與對立」。尹文的主要貢獻為勾勒了各祖籍漢人移墾新莊平原的歷史;同時,其文也暗示了臺灣祖籍人群區域分布之態勢,係閩粵械鬥衝突導致的結果。然而,就本書之民間信仰取向而言,其文更大的影響力在於以客屬潮州人(或者潮州客家)與三山國王信仰之關係,拈出族群與民間信仰之關係這一研究議題。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">祖籍人群與特定主神信仰之間的關係往往被用來區別人群的重要文化特質,常見的說法是「泉州安溪人信仰清水祖師,同安人信仰保生大帝,汀州人信奉定光古佛,漳州人信仰開漳聖王」。儘管尹文已明示「客屬潮州人」,但是上述特定族群信仰特定主神的觀念,仍引用至客家族群,產生了「客家信仰三山國王」的說法,甚至一度書寫於國民教育的教科書中,這自然是過度解讀乃至誤判的結果,邱彥貴(<span lang="EN-US">1993</span>)為此用力甚深。邱彥貴認為三山國王信仰究竟能否作為客家方言群/族群識別的標誌,進而可以追溯其遷徙、融化諸作用,必須討論三個問題:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 24.0pt; margin-right: 24.0pt; margin-top: 18.0pt; margin: 18pt 24pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-top: 1.0gd;"><span face="標楷體" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">「三山國王是臺灣客家的特有信仰」的論述完整嗎?<span lang="EN-US"><br />
</span>「三山國王是臺灣客家的特有信仰」的命題本身有無需要檢討?<span lang="EN-US"><br />
</span>三山國王也是其他區域客家特有的信仰?而第三個問題是基礎,必先完成。(邱彥貴<span lang="EN-US">1993</span>)<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">邱彥貴於是以粵東方志為史料,發現</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-themecolor: text1;">18</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-themecolor: text1;">19 </span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">世紀時,三山國王是主要分布於潮州府全境及惠州府、嘉應州部分地區的地域性信仰,信徒包括福佬和客家兩種,似乎並無方言群/族群的區隔。如果用此信仰去分類臺灣的移民社群,大概僅足以識別移民所來自的地域。換言之,如未深入了解移民的祖籍及祖籍所屬的方言區域,僅憑三山國王信仰是無法辨別一個社區所原屬的方言群/族群。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">邱彥貴進一步討論他所提的第一個問題,亦即是否在不同時代的臺灣客家曾以三山國王為主要信仰。研究發現,日治以前文獻充其量只會說三山國王是粵人信仰,然而日治開始官民皆將粵人誤為客人,於是乃有三山國王是客家信仰的說法。至於前述第二個問題,邱彥貴則以非潮汕人群的三山國王信仰,反詰以對。由於漳州即有三山國王廟,吾人理應提問「宜蘭為數眾多的三山國王是否與漳州人群之間有關聯?」而且,宜蘭三山國王有眾多近山防「番」的印象,而這一問題未曾被認真討論過。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">這一研究進路不是只為了確認「三山國王是否為客家信仰」而已,重點在於追溯其信仰的遷徙與融化諸作用,隨後陳春聲(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-themecolor: text1;">1996</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">)的研究即置焦點於臺灣社會轉型與三山國王神格轉變的討論,而這也匯入了神格屬性與漢人地方社會構成法則之討論。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h1><span face="標楷體" style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 300%; mso-themecolor: text1;">二、祭祀圈與地域社會<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></h1>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">「祭祀圈」由日本學者岡田謙提出,定義是「共同奉祀一主祭神的居民所居住的地域」(岡田謙<span lang="EN-US"> 1960</span>)</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-themecolor: text1;">;戰後的研究者以這一概念在中臺灣展開調查研究,還進一步提出「信仰圈」概念(施振民<span lang="EN-US"> 1973</span>,許嘉明<span lang="EN-US"> 1978</span>,林美容<span lang="EN-US">
1988</span>),成為</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">臺灣漢人社會構成原理法則最重要的理論典範,而這一觀念也幾乎成為常民用語。這一區域性祭祀組織充分表現在臺灣普遍的媽祖信仰中,例如</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-themecolor: text1;">大甲媽<span lang="EN-US"> 53 </span>庄、梧棲大庄媽<span lang="EN-US"> 53 </span>庄、大肚頂街媽<span lang="EN-US"> 53 </span>庄、枋橋頭媽<span lang="EN-US"> 72 </span>庄、寶斗媽<span lang="EN-US"> 53 </span>庄、彰化媽三百多庄的信仰圈等。區域性祭典組織外,村庄性、聯庄性、鄉鎮性的媽祖信仰也非常普遍,而本書所選臺灣中部客庄新社之九庄媽祭祀組織即為一例,可以視為是客庄有神無廟之小地區聯庄祭祀的典型,這樣的例子在桃竹苗地區也十分普遍。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 24.0pt; margin-right: 24.0pt; margin-top: 18.0pt; margin: 18pt 24pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-top: 1.0gd;"><span face="標楷體" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">這一個祭祀圈是以九庄媽為信仰中心,雖無實質的廟宇,但九庄媽的相關祭祀活動,包括請媽祖、過爐、
出巡、到食水嵙刈香,以及其祭祀費用皆由九庄內輪值的庄頭負擔,有頭家爐主的組織,有巡境的範圍,可說是一個有神無廟的地方性祭祀圈。(林美容、方美玲<span lang="EN-US"> 2006</span>)<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">這一進路確認了祭祀圈可以視為民間信仰意義下的空間範圍與界限,然而祭祀圈內是否可以視為一個社群整體(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-themecolor: text1;">community</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">)呢?同時,形塑這一範圍的還有哪些力量?彼此之間的關係如何?對此,張珣</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">建議</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-themecolor: text1;">「後祭祀圈理論」研究可朝二個方向進行,一為「結構功能理論」,應討論市場、宗族、與村落祭祀三者的共構關係,將祭祀圈擺進社會史脈絡中;二為「文化象徵理論」,視祭祀為權威來源,探討村落與國家官方之間的互動關係</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-themecolor: text1;">2003:98-100</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">)。</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; text-indent: 24.1pt;"><span face="細明體" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">張珣呼籲祭祀圈研究應注意社會史以及官民互動之時,施添福</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-themecolor: text1;">2001a,
2001b, 2001c, 2004, 2005</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">)</span><span face="細明體" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">琢磨多年後,提出「地域社會」理論,同時也以媽祖信仰個案說明。限於篇幅,本書並未收錄施添福著作,簡說其定義與個案如下:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 24.0pt; margin-right: 24.0pt; margin-top: 18.0pt; margin: 18pt 24pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-top: 1.0gd;"><span face="標楷體" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">「地域社會」一詞係指「以一定空間範圍為基礎,建立和維繫人群關係的社會」,或所謂「土親」社會。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-themecolor: text1;">…</span><span face="標楷體" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">街庄民空間</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-themecolor: text1;">…</span><span face="標楷體" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">警察官空間</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-themecolor: text1;">…</span><span face="標楷體" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">部落民空間,(三者)層次分明,界限清楚,而且統合內疊;既成為國家深入民間、行使權力的管道,亦提供地方人民建立和發展不同層次地域社會的場域(施添福</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-themecolor: text1;">2001c</span><span face="標楷體" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">)。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; text-indent: 24.1pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">這一定義著重於祭祀圈所指涉的空間範圍,特別是日治之後,國家看起來是這個地域空間範圍的設定者,也是定義者。但是清代苗栗內山地域社會的研究中,國家的重要性消退了,環境與社會本身的重要性則被突顯:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 24.0pt; margin-right: 24.0pt; margin-top: 18.0pt; margin: 18pt 24pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-top: 1.0gd;"><span face="標楷體" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">清代的清代的罩蘭埔,一者位居內山,遠離行政中心,國家權力行使薄弱,是典型的邊區;二者所在地點,形勢孤立封閉,水災頻仍,而又族群衝突激烈,是一個環境威脅大的地區……佃首面對國家權力弱,而環境威脅大,為了使墾務順利推展,乃創立「頭家拓墾制」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-themecolor: text1;">;</span><span face="標楷體" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">而頭家則透過「同方言相招」和「同姓相招」的機制,淨化社會的成員,而使罩蘭埔成為客家民系,特別是來自廣東省潮州府饒平縣詹姓一族的天下(施添福</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-themecolor: text1;">2004: 203</span><span face="標楷體" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">)。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 24.0pt; margin-right: 24.0pt; margin-top: 18.0pt; margin: 18pt 24pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-top: 1.0gd;"><span face="標楷體" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">開闢(雞隆溪流域)之初,(墾民)為了防番聯合設隘;墾地日廣聯合守隘的區域也日益擴大……咸豐年間以降,後龍溪頻發的水災,卻使東西兩岸的居民為了築隄而陷入嚴重的紛爭和對抗。西岸居民在長期動員對抗過程中,不但逐漸彌平內部分裂的傷痕,同時孕育了生死與共的鄉黨感情……促使五庄人聯合建廟和北港進香,以具體行動展現「芎中七石隆興」是「五庄一宮人」的區域意識(施添福</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-themecolor: text1;"> 2005:239</span><span face="標楷體" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">)。。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face="細明體" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">換言之,苗栗這兩例顯示,村落基於外在環境危機的利害得失而相互聯結,使村落社會逐漸趨向區域化,成為一個地域社會。至於地域社會之「地域化」是如何達成的呢?施添福的論點與人類學界之宗族與祭祀圈研究成果相同,亦即蒸嘗、神明會及公廟等,扮演了凝聚人群的角色。</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">施添福這一模式是個貫時性分析架構,始於生態環境,終於象徵,而通貫其間的是跨村落的地域認同。在一特定生態區域內的生產模式所塑造的團體認同本來應該是施添福地域社會模式的核心概念,但是施添福顯然更重視形成這一意識的歷史地理因素。下兩節分別以媽祖信仰、民間道壇以及三官─伯公信仰,說明地域認同的內外在面向。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h1><span face="標楷體" style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 300%; mso-themecolor: text1;">三、跨界與認同<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></h1>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">施添福討論無多的認同意識,林美容在</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">新社九庄媽信仰已略略提及,九庄媽在</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-themecolor: text1;">地方拓墾的歷史記憶中,</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">海神形象</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-themecolor: text1;">轉型為山區水神,成為形構「新社地方」的精神動力,也成為地方文化發展的根基。對於這一文化象徵理路的討論<a href="file:///G:/02%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6/%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E5%8F%A2%E6%9B%B8/%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E6%B0%91%E9%96%93%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0%E5%B0%8E%E8%AB%96.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""新細明體",serif" lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-themecolor: text1;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>,</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">林秀幸(<span lang="EN-US">2003,
2008</span>)用力最深。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">林秀幸認為客庄的媽祖婆進香儀式是向外學習的,因此她以行動者的視角、主觀的感受與認知來詮釋媽祖婆信仰如何被「採用」與
「納進」的過程。關於客庄媽祖信仰的觀察,一如林美容,林秀幸認為客庄一年之宗教祭儀,以上、中、下元,以及春祭和秋祭為經緯而構成,春祭和秋祭與農作期有較直接的關係,開春是一年中農人難得清閒的時節,趁此機會酬神演戲、娛神娛人,所以將媽祖納入當地的慶典活動,其別名就是「春祭」。然而,林秀幸比林美容走得遠一些,試圖詮釋這種配合年俗的現象。苗栗大湖的媽祖祭典活動定名為「媽子戲」而非「繞境」,因此媽子戲在某種程度上是此客庄人為了「鬧熱」緣故而同意舉辦的。此地客庄地方廟宇內的神明除了聖母之外,每一位神祇都是鎮守、穩定、不動如山的形象,因此客庄信仰的流動性應該始自對
「媽祖」的信奉,這樣的「流動」的「價值」和「意義」逐漸地被接受。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">進香過程中,香灰與香旗等聖物出了廟門就由廟裡的「部分」轉變成旅途中的「整體」,代表村落與另一個「整體」北港的媽祖廟進行交會、理解和溝通。所有的聖物經由越過每一個爐的手續而連結了一次這個「整體」,進香成員再帶回這個
「整體」的感知、經驗、象徵,重新循線回到自身所在,回到自身的「整體」的倫理,完成進香旅程。也因此,村落年復一年跨越界線與他者相會,理解了自我,也創造了認同。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">相對於林秀幸的思路是異質文化的跨界交流,<a name="_Hlk68596634">李豐楙(</a></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk68596634;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-themecolor: text1;">1998</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk68596634;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">)的進路幾乎完全相反,〈臺灣中部紅頭司與客屬聚落的醮儀行事〉一文的主要討論對象是臺中、彰化與雲林的三個紅頭司道壇,三個道壇與特定聚落保持密切關係。田家威振壇系統與西螺二崙港尾一帶</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk68596634;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-themecolor: text1;">25</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk68596634;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">個村落關係密切,這些村落大致上都是已經福佬化的福建漳州詔安客家。蔡家鎮興壇系統的主要執業地理範圍則是埔心、永靖、田尾、溪湖、埤頭與竹塘等,這些聚落也有大量的廣東潮州饒平客家;曾家廣應壇系統則是豐原地區的廣東潮州大埔客家。三個紅頭司道壇系統皆屬正一派,其行業圈與客屬聚落分布範圍大致相合,這是因為道士與地方社會有相同祖籍,而且長期維持密切關係。道士日常為聚落家戶執行補運等小型儀式,遇有建醮等大週期性祭典,則調集同系統道壇人手辦理。正一派道士與鄉民有相同的宇宙觀,於是這些客仔師可以擔任鄉民祈求與重建超自然秩序的中介身份。即使這些聚落已經福佬化,傳統語言已消失,但是信仰習俗反而韌性地保存下來。</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk68596634;"></span><span face=""新細明體",serif" lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h1><span face="標楷體" style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 300%; mso-themecolor: text1;">四、深層信仰<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></h1>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">前文林美容(<span lang="EN-US">2006</span>)與林秀幸(<span lang="EN-US">2003, 2008</span>)都注意到外來神明(媽祖)信仰與社區內固有年節習俗的配合,羅烈師(<span lang="EN-US">2010,2018</span>)也在苗栗銅鑼與西湖觀察到一樣的現象。關於與年節習俗的配合,重點不是時間的巧合,重點在於內在於社區的信仰生活法則,而這一法則即是配合上元與下元之「天公─伯公」信仰的許福還福儀式。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">「天公─伯公」信仰體制係建立在小農水田生產模式上,數戶擁有小塊田園的自耕農組成的散村聚落共同祭祀一座伯公;同一灌溉系統內的聚落群以三官大帝(天公)為主神,臨時搭建簡易祭壇,以「爐主與首事」身份,輪值辦理許福還福儀式。伯公信仰所標誌的跨家戶聚落可以視為傳統地方社會的最小單位,三官大帝信仰則在其上,以水利灌溉系統所構成的村落範圍,輪值辦理許福還福儀式,從而建立了這種「天公─伯公」的緊密關係。這種緊密關係如前所述,既可能被視為伯公信仰,而使得伯公成為福神;也可能被當成三官大帝信仰,而被研究者認為三官大帝與灌溉之間有非常密切的關係(例如田金昌</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-themecolor: text1;"> 2005</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">、賴廷奇</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-themecolor: text1;"> 2008</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">、傅寶玉</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-themecolor: text1;">2011</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">等)。這一儀式的本質是許福與還福,而福神即為天公伯(三官大帝之賜福天官),伯公則接受聚落群的託付,轉奏三官乃至玉皇大帝。因此,聚落伯公信仰成為家戶以上,人群整合的最小基本單位。從象徵的角度觀察,祭壇天地案之地案上,香桶內的每一支伯公牌指涉著一個特定小聚落;而天案上的天神爐則代表社區。對於這些聚落群而言,由於社群(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-themecolor: text1;">community</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">)與空間係不可區分的,因此社群也包含了地方(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-themecolor: text1;">locality</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">),二者相同地不可區分。亦即人與人的關係(社群)係建立在與土地的共同關係上(地方),同時依傳統言語,這是一個天地人三合一的格局。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">伯公廟代表最小的基本聚落單位(自然村為典型),幾座伯公廟所聯合奉祀無廟的天公爐則代表村落或村以下的聚落群(行政村為典型)。聯合幾個行政村則會形成地方公廟,其主神可以是關帝、媽祖、三山國王或五穀農神等,但是其年度祭儀往往仍以許福還福為最盛大儀式,主神千秋聖誕則居次。當然這一層級的地方公廟如果就是三官大帝,也十分順理成章,桃園新竹兩縣這種現象最為普遍。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">范明煥以傳統文獻說明三官大帝之淵源,再以田野調查所見,描述此一信仰在常民生活中相關的儀式、組織及空間安排,大致上呈現了臺灣客庄三官大帝信仰的面貌。然而,范文的重點在於解釋三官大帝主廟的分布趨勢,全臺計有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-themecolor: text1;">80</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">餘座三官大帝廟宇,而桃竹苗佔了一半,反之,六堆地區則無,為何如此呢?范文以族群關係為論點,主張三官信仰易為客家與平埔跨族群拓墾團隊接受,因此廣泛建廟。然而,此一主張必先舉證桃竹以外之客庄並無跨族群拓墾團隊,方能證成。其他可能的原因至少包含移民祖籍、獨立歷史事件影響或地區性傳播採借等,可待深究。辜且不論其發生學上的原因,對本書而言,在「天公─伯公」信仰的普同架構下,以三官大帝為主神,在桃竹地區大量建廟,是可以理解的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">洪馨蘭(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-themecolor: text1;">2013</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">)〈「社官」信仰在廣東蕉嶺與臺灣美濃的比較研究〉一文著眼於確認社官信仰之神格屬性,依文獻記錄,里社真官應是明初即存在之官方性質的鄉里層級社稷之神,而全臺唯三的「里社真官壇」都位於高雄美濃。作者前往移民原鄉廣東蕉嶺縣進行實地田野調查,發現位於蕉嶺之社官,似受盛行當地公王崇拜影響,成為兼司管理水鬼(水域)與陽間官場政治的「公王╱社官」混合體,並呈現出在具威脅之水域邊設壇的區位特性。這個合成的信仰文化於清初被帶到臺灣美濃,又再被移墾社會新設的大量土地伯公信仰所吸納,逐漸變成「伯公化的」「公王╱社官」合成文化。洪馨蘭認為經由這一回溯研究中,重新「發現」了地方歷史。社官在移民原鄉的傳統已有官方與地方文化交融的現象,再傳至臺灣客家地區,又與盛行之土地伯公信仰出現文化會遇(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-themecolor: text1;">encounter</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">)現象。洪馨蘭確實解決了美濃社官信仰的神格屬性問題,不過,就本書而言,里社真官與王公信仰合成,又再被吸納進伯公信仰,正好顯示本節所強調「天公─伯公」信仰結構的簡潔與力量。天地人格局提供了一個架構,本來就是土地神性質的官方社稷信仰,會被地方定位為類似伯公的神格,是可以理解的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h1><span face="標楷體" style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 300%; mso-themecolor: text1;">五、地方社會、族群與國家<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></h1>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">選文至此,皆以地方社會為視野,討論民間信仰與客家之關係,賴玉玲(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-themecolor: text1;">2002</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">)即以地方社會為焦點,描述</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-themecolor: text1;">1998</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">年桃園之楊梅聯庄輪值辦理義民祭典的方式。此一運作方式在以家族為要角,在總正爐主陳泰春主持下,一方面</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-themecolor: text1;">29</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">個地方家族用「公號」之名,擔任爐主、四柱、緣首,組成祭典委員會,共同策畫及執行祭典;另一方面,聯庄區域內施行領調和奉飯辦法,號召家戶參與,還有地方社團配合祭典推行義民節活動。這些組織、制度與活動所構成的動員機制,使得枋寮義民廟的義民信仰得以跨區域傳播,從而構成楊梅庄地方社會。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">賴玉玲所指係</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-themecolor: text1;">15</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">年一輪之地方社會運作機制,實際上此一機制係建立前節所討論之三官大帝為主神的地方公廟之上;同時,此一研究成果更意謂著</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-themecolor: text1;">15</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">個聯庄之間,在同一信仰組織架構內,想互學習與競爭,從而凝聚了聯庄內部的社群意識。尚有進者,羅烈師(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-themecolor: text1;">2006b</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">)以</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">綰合宗教與社會聖俗兩體系的階序體系,說明</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-themecolor: text1;">15</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">聯庄龐大的信仰體系之整合</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 24.0pt; margin-right: 24.0pt; margin-top: 18.0pt; margin: 18pt 24pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-top: 1.0gd;"><span face="標楷體" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">枋寮義民信仰創造了一個包含神位、祿位與調位的階序體系,這一體系以義民神位為核心,將捐施與經理廟產有功者的祿位與祭典區內所有信徒的調位收納為一。這個體系的原動力是竹塹城外居民無主的恐慌,而決定階序高低的因素是財產的捐施與管理,但是國家卻因其封神的權力高坐頂端,也因此將信仰帶來族群的異音。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">所謂族群的異音係指義民信仰向來與族群議題息息相關,部份閩南社區甚至視義民廟為「客人廟」。然而,實際上林爽文事件後,乾隆皇帝頒了四塊匾額,分別是泉州之旌義、漳州人的思義、廣東入的褒忠與平埔的效順;而且儘管褒忠亭香火最盛,但雲林亦有頗負盛名的旌義亭。然而,早在十九世紀中期時,竹塹地區的義民論述與粵人論述已相互結合,互為表裡,塑造了粵人保莊衛國的忠義形象,因而在臺灣的人群中,明確地區分出「粵人」這一身份認同的族群(羅烈師</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> 2006:255-274</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">)。隨後一百年,粵人身份認同輾轉成為客家認同,而義民信仰也與客家的關係也由之密不可分。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">1988</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">臺北發生還我母語大遊行,那年正是枋寮褒忠義民廟二百週年廟慶,大</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">臺北地區開辦義民祭(嘉年華)祭典活動,迄今</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-themecolor: text1;">30</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">年,義民信仰已成臺灣客家最重要的族群象徵。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h1><span face="標楷體" style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 300%; mso-themecolor: text1;">六、結語:地方社會與族群<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></h1>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">本書以三山國王、媽祖、三官大帝、土地公及義民爺等主神信仰為主要範圍,從地方社會與族群兩個層次,討論臺灣客家信仰的特殊性。在地方社會的層次,正如所收錄兩篇與引述一篇共三篇媽祖相關研究,三位作者皆知其個案為客家,但全文未及客家論述,因此,一個以全島為範圍的媽祖信仰文化交流現象,是跨越族群而普同於臺灣漢人社會的。然而,這些無廟或陪祀媽祖之祭典係鑲嵌於其地方主神及更深層的「伯公─天公」信仰儀式生活,吾人可以察知客家所獨鍾之宇宙觀。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">在族群層次,三山國王與義民本來都不是客家獨有之信仰,也不是所有客家人的信仰,然而都曾某種程度地被冠上客家信仰的標誌。經過研究者之爬梳三山國王之被誤為客家信仰已大致釐清;然而,義民爺作為客家信仰則在臺灣特定的族群區位下,在真實的生活中,持續被塑造與強化。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">本書以民間信仰為範圍,惟礙於篇幅,其他</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">普同於臺灣漢人社會,但是客家有其特殊性的恩主公或觀音等信仰,未能納入;儀式層面的醮典或者還老愿之類的習俗,也觸及無多,難免遺珠之憾。最後是都會化與跨華人生活區域的比較方面,前者之社會轉型及人口流向都市的現象,實際上已完全改變客家生活樣貌,其信仰的地域性(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-themecolor: text1;">locality</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">)與社群性(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-themecolor: text1;">community</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">)已全然鬆動,研究者必須改絃更張;後者則涉及截然不同的生態、產業、族群與國族等外環境,必定是臺灣客家研究的他山之石。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h1><span face="標楷體" style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 300%; mso-themecolor: text1;">參考書目<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></h1>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 48pt; mso-char-indent-count: -4.0; text-indent: -48pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">尹章義,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">1985</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">,〈閩粵移民的協和與對立-以客屬潮州人開發臺北及新莊三山國王廟為中心所做的研究〉,《臺北文獻》,第七十四期,頁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">1-27</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 48pt; mso-char-indent-count: -4.0; text-indent: -48pt;"><a name="_Hlk68597089"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">李豐楙,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">1998</span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk68597089;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">,〈臺灣中部紅頭司與客屬聚落的醮儀行事〉。刊於《臺灣文獻》,第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">49</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk68597089;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">卷第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">4</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk68597089;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">期,頁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">187-206</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk68597089;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk68597089;"></span>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 48pt; mso-char-indent-count: -4.0; text-indent: -48pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">岡田謙,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">1960[1938]</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">,〈臺灣北部村落之祭祀範圍〉,刊於《臺北文物》,第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">9</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">卷第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">4</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">期,頁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">14-29</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 48pt; mso-char-indent-count: -4.0; text-indent: -48pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">林美容,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">1988</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">,〈由祭祀圈到信仰圈</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">:</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">台灣民間社會的地域構成與發展〉,刊於《第三屆中國海洋發展史論文集》張炎憲編。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 48pt; mso-char-indent-count: -4.0; text-indent: -48pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">林美容、方美玲,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">2006</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">,〈台中縣新社鄉九庄媽的信仰型態〉。刊於林美容,《媽祖信仰與臺灣社會》,頁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">291-326</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 48pt; mso-char-indent-count: -4.0; text-indent: -48pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">邱彥貴,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">1993</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">,〈粵東三山國王信仰的分布與信仰的族群:從三山國王是台灣客屬的特有信仰論起〉,刊於《東方宗教研究》,第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">3</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">期,頁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">107+109-146</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 48pt; mso-char-indent-count: -4.0; text-indent: -48pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">施振民,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">1973</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">,〈祭祀圈與社會組織:彰化平原聚落發展模式的探討〉,刊於《中央研究院民族學研究所集刊》,第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">36</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">期,頁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">191-208</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 48pt; mso-char-indent-count: -4.0; text-indent: -48pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">洪馨蘭,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">2013</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">,〈「社官」信仰在廣東蕉嶺與臺灣美濃的比較研究〉。刊於《民俗曲藝》,第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">180</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">期,頁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">83 – 130</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 48pt; mso-char-indent-count: -4.0; text-indent: -48pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">范明煥,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">2005</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">,〈臺灣客家三官大帝信仰文化〉,刊於《臺灣史學雜誌》,第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">1</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">期,頁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">67-91</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 48pt; mso-char-indent-count: -4.0; text-indent: -48pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">張珣,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">2003</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">,〈打破圈圈:從「祭祀圈」到「後祭祀圈」〉,刊於張珣、江燦騰主編,《研究典範的追尋</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> : </span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">臺灣本土宗教研究的新視野和新思維》,頁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">64-107</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">。臺北市:南天。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 48pt; mso-char-indent-count: -4.0; text-indent: -48pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">許嘉明,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">1978</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">,〈祭祀圈之於居臺漢人社會的獨特性〉。刊於《中華文化復興月刊》,第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">11</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">卷第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">6</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">期,頁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">59-68</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 48pt; mso-char-indent-count: -4.0; text-indent: -48pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">陳春聲,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">1996</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">,〈三山國王信仰與台灣移民社會〉。刊於《民族學研究所集刊》,第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">80</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">期,頁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">61-114</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 48pt; mso-char-indent-count: -4.0; text-indent: -48pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">賴玉玲,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">2002</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">,〈楊梅的義民信仰聯庄與祭典〉。刊於《民俗曲藝》,第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">137</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">期,</span><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">頁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">165-202<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 48pt; mso-char-indent-count: -4.0; text-indent: -48pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">羅烈師,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">2006a</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">,〈臺灣客家之形成:以竹塹地區為核心的觀察〉。清大人類所博士論文。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 48pt; mso-char-indent-count: -4.0; text-indent: -48pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">--------</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">2006b</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">,〈臺灣枋寮義民廟階序體系之形成〉。刊於《客家研究》,第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">1</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">期,頁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">97-145</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 48pt; mso-char-indent-count: -4.0; text-indent: -48pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">--------</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">2010</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">,〈階序下的交陪:一個客家地區的媽祖信仰〉。刊於莊英章、簡美玲編《客家的形成與變遷》,頁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">301-335</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">。新竹:交通大學。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 48pt; mso-char-indent-count: -4.0; text-indent: -48pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">羅烈師、邱曉燕,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">2018</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">,〈社群與地方:伯公信仰與北臺灣傳統社會之構成〉。刊於徐雨村、張維安與羅烈師編,《土地神信仰的跨國比較研究:歷史、族群、節慶與文化遺產》,頁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">91-110</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">。苗栗三灣:桂冠。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///G:/02%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6/%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E5%8F%A2%E6%9B%B8/%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E6%B0%91%E9%96%93%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0%E5%B0%8E%E8%AB%96.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">張珣的後祭祀圈主張雖然強調文化象徵,但是聚焦於文化象徵作為一權威來源,等於又回到社會與國家的討論,而非文化象徵體系本身。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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</div>大學、客庄與老街http://www.blogger.com/profile/14881989716307424626noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1695181431448501431.post-21395157163198722892021-09-22T22:10:00.002+08:002021-09-22T22:10:27.063+08:00《客家:中國內的異邦人》導論<p> </p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><a name="_Hlk61807061"><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">《客家:中國內的異邦人》導論</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></a></p>
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<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">羅烈師</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">陽交客院</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 48.0pt; margin-right: 48.0pt; margin-top: 18.0pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 4.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 4.0gd; mso-para-margin-top: 1.0gd;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 標楷體; mso-themecolor: text1;">目前無視北京當局的統治,呈現出半獨立狀態的廣東省及華南經濟圈。廣東省由省長葉選平為首的客家人所掌控,透過近距離觀察這個省份的實際情況,探索今後的中國,乃至於東南亞地區的政治及經濟走向。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 48.0pt; margin-right: 48.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-left: 4.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 4.0gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 標楷體; mso-themecolor: text1;">高木桂藏 <span lang="EN-US">1991<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<h1><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 300%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">一、前言</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 300%; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">高木桂藏《客家:中國內的異邦人》出版於</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">1991</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">年,此時天安門事件(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">1989</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">)結束未久,被戲稱為「蘇東波」的東歐共產國家民主化浪潮仍然喧天翻湧,兩德統一,蘇聯與南斯拉夫瓦解;正是在這一氛圍下,高木以天安門事件之後的中國政經變遷為視野,觀察客家在其中所扮演的角色。此時,臺灣還我母語大遊行(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">1988</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">)也過去未久,而客家研究仍方興未艾,關於客家的理解仍然籠罩在「中原南遷」的傳統觀念中。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">高木桂藏(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">1941-</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">),</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">1966</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">年畢業於早稻田大學政治經濟系,年輕時從事新聞工作,同時也曾在香港及臺灣的專科大學任教,而較長的學術生涯則在靜岡大學渡過(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">1987-</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">)。記者及新聞主編的背景,使得高木有一枝快筆,且善於說故事,《客家:中國內的異邦人》即可看成是這類吸引人的著作。本導論包含兩大主軸,其一為簡述本書內容,其二為解讀本書的三個觀點,即文化特殊論、歷史進程以及窺看中國與日本。整體而言,筆者認為習慣中原客家南遷論述的讀者會對本書頗有共鳴,但熟悉客家與族群理論的讀者則會認為本書觀點已然陳舊,那麼我們如何理解本書呢?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h1><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 300%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">二、內容大要</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 300%; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">本書序章開宗名義地指出「客家,這個不太為日本人所知的民族,驅動整個中國運作。」高木桂藏知道這樣的言論難免會讓人有誇大之感,隨即指出當時(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">1991</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">)中華人民共和國、中華民國與新加坡三大華人國度的掌權者(鄧小平、李登輝與吳作棟),皆為客家人;並且認為這意謂著數百年前被逐出中原的客家人,如今又重新回到中國社會的中心。因此,瞭解客家的動態,不僅能知悉中國的歷史,還能夠窺探華人社會的未來。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">本書共五章,從鄧小平領導人說起,為第一章;全書以廣東省長葉選平為結語,為第五章;而其間則分別介紹了客家歷史、文化、社會,亦即第二、三、四章。這種將客家知識安置在當代中國重大歷史變遷中的設計,看得出高木是一個善於說故事的作者。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">首章透過追溯鄧小平家庭身世及政治生涯,說明客家人的大家族主義包覆住整個中國,數百年前被趕出中原的客家人,靠鄧小平成為了北京中央的主人公。客家人山居的習性、通行廣泛的客家話、以及不背叛夥伴的民族習性等,使得客家人適合革命戰鬥,僅佔全國人口</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">4%</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">的少數民族,卻發揮了數十倍作用,因此「不知客家,無法言中國」。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">接著高木桂藏介紹客家人兩千多年前從中原南下,歷經太平天國、印尼的蘭芳共和國,一直到新加坡建國為止的歷史。高木以猶太人相比於客家人:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 24.0pt; margin-right: 24.0pt; margin-top: 18.0pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-top: 1.0gd;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">猶太人被羅馬帝國流放到迦南,背負著亡國悲哀,持續流浪了</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-themecolor: text1;">2,000</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">年。不過,猶太人卻一直守護著猶太文化、希伯來語與猶太教,第二次世界大戰結束後,終於建立了以色列。客家人也一樣,在後漢末年被逐出北方的故鄉後,便持續守護著自己的文化及語言,一面夢想著回歸中原之地。有趣的是,就在以色列建國的前後幾年,以客家人為主的華僑建立了新加坡這個國家,「東洋的以色列」自此誕生。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">其次,高木先敘述客家人的精神文化、風俗及語言等,突顯客家的競爭力;再列舉金融與政治等實例,說明客家幫用遍佈全世界的血緣網絡,維持著客家的強大。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">最後,作者以當時由省長葉選平為首的客家人所掌控的廣東省為結論,廣東省及華南經濟圈無視北京當局的統治,呈現出半獨立狀態的。並且預言華南經濟圈未來將香港、台灣、新加坡吸入其中,極有可能最後會反過來將整個中國北方包覆進來。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h1><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 300%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">三、如何理解這一作品</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 300%; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<h2><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 300%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">(一)客家文化特殊論</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 300%; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">從日本客家研究長期趨勢看待本書,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">1990 </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">年代可以說是日本客家研究的轉型時期,一方面有以高木桂藏等新聞工作者出身的學者為首,用「東洋的猶太人」的稱號來稱呼客家人,描述客家所具有的「獨特」的漢族意象;另一方面,歷史學家、人類學家則進行著解構這種客家特殊論而深化族群建構的研究;因此可以說是從客家文化特殊論到後現代主義客家文化論的轉變(河合洋尚與飯島典子</span><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> <span lang="EN-US">2013:136</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">)。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">1991</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">年,高木桂藏的著作《客家:中國內部的「異邦人」》出版後,成為銷售</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> 20 </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">萬本的暢銷書。瀨川昌久將以高木此一論點稱為客家文化論的「特殊論」,並於</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">1993</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">年出版的《客家:華南漢族的族群性及其邊界》解構此一說法(瀨川昌久</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> 1993</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">)。其主要論點即直指客家文化內部的一致性及對外的特殊性都有問題,例如即使同樣被稱為客家話的各地「次方言」可能難以溝通;而二次葬、風水及媽祖信仰等習俗也不是客家所特有。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">20 </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">世紀</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> 90 </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">年代以來,中日學者透過「族群」的概念,開始認為客家的認同和文化是現代建構的產物(河合洋尚與飯島典子</span><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> <span lang="EN-US">2013:145-151</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">)。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">此一評論大致上就是本質論與建構論兩種不同立場的族群理論,高木之類的本質論者所舉客家文化特質,不是客家內部之個別差異頗大,就是反而與非客家族群有共同或相似性。簡言之,客家文化並不那麼特殊,甚至客家族群之存在也因其邊界之彈性與模糊而讓人懷疑。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h2><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 300%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">(二)歷史進程</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 300%; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; text-indent: 24.1pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">如河合洋尚與飯島典子的評論,客家特殊性作為一民族性之討論已經被太多研究證實客家內部之變異性甚至於大於其與他族群之共同性。依此理路思索,客家(也就是全球各地之客家)是否能視為一界限明確且具一體性的族群是大成問題的;鄧小平、李光耀、李登輝等個別領袖的客家身份難以界定,而且即使這些領袖是客家人,其客家身份究竟有多大的重要性也難定論。簡言之,高木桂藏所視為自明的「客家」族群(或者民族),不是早已被學界所推翻,就是無法證實。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; text-indent: 24.1pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">尚有進者,高木本書於</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">1991</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">年出版時,正是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">1989</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">年天安門事件下,後鄧小平時代的開始,高木敏感而大膽地預測當時南北政局趨勢及其研究之意義:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 24.0pt; margin-right: 24.0pt; margin-top: 18.0pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-top: 1.0gd;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 標楷體; mso-themecolor: text1;">目前無視北京當局的統治,呈現出半獨立狀態的廣東省及華南經濟圈。廣東省由省長葉選平為首的客家人所掌控,透過近距離觀察這個省份的實際情況,探索今後的中國,乃至於東南亞地區的政治及經濟走向。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; text-indent: 24.1pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">鄧小平掌權(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">1978-1989</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">)之後的中國改革開放走勢,確實經歷了極大的變化,經過後鄧小平時代(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">1989-1992</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">)、江李朱體制(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">1992-2002</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">)、胡溫體制(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">2002-2012</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">)到習李體制(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">2012-</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">),成為全球第二經濟體。而南方門戶之香港發生「反對《逃犯條例修訂草案》運動」(反送中運動)(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">2019/3-</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">),雖然香港民主運動的動力引人注目,然而兩年後,中國全國人大會議以</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">2895</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">贊成票,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">0</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">反對票,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">1</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">票棄權,表決通過了〈完善香港選舉制度的決定草案〉。從中國歷史事後的發展看來,高木桂藏顯然低估了中國內部的一統力量,也同時高估了南方的區域獨立力量。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h2><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 300%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">(三)窺看:中國與日本</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 300%; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; text-indent: 24.1pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">既然如此,無論從族群理論或歷史進程觀察,高木桂藏本書的立論是難以成立的;然而筆者認為,如果想用近</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">40</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">年來日本與臺灣客家研究的成果看待高木這本著作,或許是畫錯重點了;重點不是高木論點之正確與否,反而應該正視的是他所反映的客家圖像,以及作為一部相當暢銷的著作,對讀者所處社會顯示了何種意義。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; text-indent: 24.1pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">以特殊論稱呼高木桂藏對客家的理解並無不妥,從學術研究的立場,這只是「假設觀點」罷了,如果這個前提錯了,那麼此後高木所做的所有解釋與推論,就不必多談了。不過筆者以為,趣味正在此處。高木不僅視客家為一文化獨特界限分明的民族,更語出驚人地指出客家驅動著晚近中國的發展。前者在學術上的過時乃至謬誤,前引研究者已論列;那麼應該如何詮釋後者呢?筆者以為對中日讀者而言,各有不同的心情。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; text-indent: 24.1pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">客家從中原南遷而分布世界各地已經是華人常識;對於客家而言,這種以身為源遠流長之華人行列為榮的認同,起源於華南</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">19</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">世紀以來的認同焦慮,經粵東知識份子論述且由羅香林在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">1930</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">年代集其大成;在不同的歷史時空中,這種焦慮雖有些許差異,但本質不變,也因此大都接受了中原南遷理論,甚至進一步內化為常識;同時,實際上這也是中華民族國族建構的一環。至於相對於客家的非客家族群,在閩粵贛皆有其省籍認同,因此沒有客家式的認同焦慮,在共同的國族認同架構下,也未必否定客家是北方漢族南來這一觀念,只是這也沒有改變客家在各地域社會仍居少數的態勢。高木桂藏所言「客家雖是少數,但是卻驅動著整個中國」,這一說法符合少數族群認同的補償心理。特別是對紅色中國而言,清末太平天國最壯闊的農民起義由客家發動,閩粵贛邊區也是中國共產黨初期發展的沃土,客家的重要性也似乎無須否認。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; text-indent: 24.1pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">然而,即便如此,這種中國客家式的心情自然不會是日本讀者的心情,那麼如何解釋它在日本所受到的歡迎呢?筆者以為這是一種對中國的窺看,同時也是透過中國而窺看日本自身。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; text-indent: 24.1pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">從</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> 19 </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">世紀到</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> 20 </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">世紀,日本因侵華戰爭和台灣與滿洲的殖民統治需求,對中國之政治、經濟、外交、法制、文學、文化、種族等,進行理論、資料分析、田野調查和文獻蒐集等研究工作;</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">21</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">世紀中國大陸政經崛起,全球掀起「中國熱」,日本的中國研究也隨之興盛,大學甚至出現了「現代中國研究科」等專門科系。而在這風潮中,提出「中國不信」論、「中國威脅」論的學者和輿論也不在少數(周兆良</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> 2007:100</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">)。尚有進者,這種對中國的窺看實際上是深沉的日本反思自身的某種反映。日本從福澤諭吉《脫亞論》與岡倉天心《東洋的理想》的時代開始,一百多年來,有關中國的論述一直是艱難的話題,正如濱下武志和川勝平太等學者所言,日本近代史和脫亞的過程一直是圍繞著從中國的支配下獨立出來的方向進行的。當日本確立了自己近代國民國家性格的時候,伴隨著日本在近代以來對中國一次次侵略的過程,日本的自我認同始終是圍繞它與中國的緊張關係深化的(孫歌</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">2001:76-77</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">)。而這也就是類似如竹內好等學者在二戰前後,完成《魯迅》等中國文學與思想著作,以及溝口雄三《作為方法的中國》等作品的思想史深遠脈絡。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; text-indent: 24.1pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">這種對中國的窺看角度中,中國分裂論可能與高木桂藏的思路相關。本論點由東京外國語大學中嶋嶺雄與前中華民國總統李登輝在《亞洲的智略》一書中所提出;而稍早李登輝於所著《台灣的主張》一書,也相信中國可能會分裂為西藏、新疆、內蒙、滿洲、華北、華南、臺灣七個部分(李登輝</span><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> <span lang="EN-US">2000</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">)。高木判斷華南可能會走向對抗北方乃至分裂,應該有對</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">19</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">世紀晚期以來南方中國史趨勢的理解,但同時也可以視為是中國分裂論的深遠背景。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h1><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 300%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">四、結語</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 300%; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">高木桂藏本書的特色在於視客家為實體且有人們所不察的影響力,客家驅動著整個中國的現代史,不知客家,就無法了解中國。然而,如果就嚴謹的學術立場而言,本書所代表的客家文化特殊論相較於日本</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">20</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">世紀</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">30</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">40</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">年代的研究水準是倒退的(河合洋尚與飯島典子</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> 2013</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">137</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">),學界大致上的共識是,客家文化的內在差異性顯著,且與其他漢民族之有高度的共通性,這當然構成了本書不能忽略的弱點;同時,作者對中國歷史的大膽預測,也不符合後來實際局勢的發展。然而,本文認為高木本書可觀的銷售成績,意謂著他反映了一般常識性的客家觀點;對於日本讀者而言,它滿足了對中國的某種窺看;對於臺灣等地的華文讀者而言,中原貴族南遷的論述也不難找到深信不疑的共嗚者。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">簡言之,我們在案間觀覽著高木桂藏舖排有力這個客家故事時,對於他所呈現的客家面貌或許不必太執著,反倒是對於執筆的日本學者背後,那深遠的中日文化關係糾葛應該仔細玩味。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h1><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 300%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Calibri Light"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">參考書目</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 300%; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -3.0; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">李登輝,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">1999</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">,《台灣的主張》。臺北:遠流。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -3.0; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">李登輝,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">2000</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">,《亞洲的智略》。臺北:遠流。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -3.0; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">周兆良,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">2007</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">,〈日本高等教育對中國的教學議程初探〉。刊於《中國大陸研究》,第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">50</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">卷第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">1</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">期,頁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">99-114</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -3.0; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">河合洋尚、飯島典子,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">2013</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">,〈日本客家研究的軌跡:從日本時代的臺灣調查到後現代主義視角〉。刊於《全球客家研究》,第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">1</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">期,頁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">123-162</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -3.0; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">孫歌,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">2001</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">,《亞洲意味著什麼:文化間的「日本」》。臺北:巨流。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -3.0; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">溝口雄三,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">2011</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">,《作為方法的中國》。北京:三聯。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -3.0; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">瀨川昌久,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">2013</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">,《客家:華南漢族的族群性及其邊界》。北京:社會科學文獻出版社。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>大學、客庄與老街http://www.blogger.com/profile/14881989716307424626noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1695181431448501431.post-2660449610719802962021-09-22T22:08:00.001+08:002021-09-23T16:34:15.171+08:00《客家:歷史.文化.印象》導論<p> </p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; font-size: 16pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">《客家:歷史.文化.印象》導論</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">羅烈師</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 18pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0gd; text-align: center;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">陽明交大客家學院</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 24.0pt; margin-right: 24.0pt; margin-top: 18.0pt; margin: 18pt 24pt 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-top: 1.0gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face="標楷體" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">這一系列的嘗試似乎像極了拼圖,儘管胸有成竹地拼湊,但是實際蒐集與拼整的過程,倒也往往意想不到地發現細微精妙的圖像;然而最出乎意料的是,當目睹圖案完成後,卻發現它的背面繪有完全不同的圖畫。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 24.0pt; margin-right: 24.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 24pt 18pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; text-align: right; word-break: break-all;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-themecolor: text1;">──</span><span face="標楷體" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">河合洋尚等</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-themecolor: text1;"> 2021<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h1 style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: normal;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; font-size: 16pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">一、前言</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">《客家:歷史.文化.印象》是一本客家通論書籍,回應日本讀者:「有沒有能夠簡單易懂地掌握客家整體面貌的書呢?」的需求而寫作。三位作者,分別為飯島典子,廣島市立大學國際學院副教授,歷史學博士;河合洋尚,國立民族學博物館全球化現象研究部/綜合研究研究所大學文化學院副教授,社會人類學博士。小林宏至,山口大學人文學院副教授,社會人類學博士。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">作者群長年在各自領域進行有關客家調查研究,認為客家的真實面與過去概述書經常談論的客家面貌明顯不同,開始思考可以顛覆世間客家通俗形象到什麼地步,因而著手撰寫這本書。作者群在後記中提及,本書的撰寫過程像是一項拼圖遊戲,努力完成預想中的圖案後,驚訝地發現圖案背後竟有完全不同的圖案。那麼,作者群所預想的圖案是什麼呢?而背後的圖案又是什麼呢?筆者認為,本書之章節架構本身,尤其是前兩部份的「歷史、文化」,構成了客家文化整體觀,也就是所謂預想的圖案,而這就是作者群回應讀者想要了解的客家整體面貌。至於背後的圖案則是每個主題章節的實質內涵以及第三部份「印象」,這些主題內涵之細節論辯,反反覆覆地展現了作者群對於客家文化變遷和拓展之反思與超越。下文首先簡介全書內涵,其次提出四點討論,最後總結全文,認為本書兼顧一般讀者對於客家整體文化理解的期待以及學術議題進一步展開的想像,是一本值得推薦給華文讀者的客家知識普及版著作。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h1 style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: normal;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; font-size: 16pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">二、歷史、文化與印像</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">全書計</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-themecolor: text1;">30</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">章,可以分成三個部份,歷史與地理、生活與習慣、再現與認同,首先介紹客家之族群歷史與全球人口分布概況;其次介紹宗族、節慶、儀式、生活、藝術等文化多樣面貌,最後從語言、形象、博物館與社會組織等面向,討論客家文化之再現與族群認同,以下分別簡述之。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h2 style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; margin: 9pt 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">(一)歷史與地理</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">這部份共</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-themecolor: text1;">10</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">章,主要內涵為介紹客家起源與人口分布。作者群先根據一般的說法,指出客家起源於中原地區,經由山岳地帶遷徙至東南部之廣東省、福建省、江西省三省交界邊區。位於該地理範圍的廣東省東部梅州和河源</span><span class="MsoCommentReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-special-character: comment;"> </span></span></span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">、福建省西部的龍岩和寧化,以及江西省南部的贛州,現有漢族居民中客家佔有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-themecolor: text1;">90%</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">以上。至於目前居住於全世界的客家人,其祖先大多自此遷徙各地。因此,本區域常被稱為「客家原鄉」。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">從客家原鄉遷徙至中國境內其他地區以廣西及四川較多,廣西客家人口約佔全區</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-themecolor: text1;">10%</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">(約</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-themecolor: text1;">900</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">萬人),以東部和南部較多,其中鄰近廣東省陸川(約</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-themecolor: text1;">69%</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">)和博白(約</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-themecolor: text1;">65%</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">)最多;東北部的賀州、南部的防城港和東興也有較多客家人口。四川省方面,客家分布於成都以東,往簡陽、資陽、重慶一帶;其中尤以成都東郊外的龍泉驛區裡,聚集著客家人口佔</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-themecolor: text1;">80%</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">以上的村落,最受矚目。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">香港與澳門的客家認同較低,但兩地客家人口比例推估約每</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-themecolor: text1;">5–7</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">人即為一位客家人,總人口數超過</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-themecolor: text1;">100</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">萬。臺灣客家人口約佔總人口</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-themecolor: text1;">15%</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">,超過</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-themecolor: text1;">300</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">萬,分布於臺灣各地,尤其是北部的桃園、新竹、苗栗三縣、中部東勢、石岡以及南部高雄屏東等地。至於中臺港澳之外的世界各地客家人口有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-themecolor: text1;">80%</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">居住於東南亞之印尼、馬來西亞、泰國及新加坡;而其分布範圍則遍布世界五大洲。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">以上人口分布態勢分別專章描述,構成第一部份的實質內涵。至於客家族群之來源方面,本書置於首章,先採一般常見的說法,即客家來自於中原,因歷代戰亂而南遷至閩粵贛邊區;然而,本書實際並不直接接受此一說法,首章即提出客家是南方土著的說法。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h2 style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; margin: 9pt 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">(二)生活與習慣</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">本書第二部份共</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-themecolor: text1;">12</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">章,討論客家社會與文化,包含宗親、習俗、信仰、服飾、飲食、建築、山歌及工藝等主題。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">首先指出客家人以祖先為中心凝聚在一起的社會型態,也就是宗族觀念與體制格外受到重視,這表現在祠堂與牌位、祖墓、族譜及父系敘事等現象;然而即使如此,女性在一般生活層面的影響力未必不如男性,同時以女性為宗族祭祀對象,亦即祖婆的案例也十分常見。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">在節慶與生命儀式等習俗方面,客家與一般漢族有很高的共通性,反之某些客家地區流行的習俗卻未必見諸其他客家地區,因此本主題兩章之內容實質上列舉一些個案,介紹某些客庄的習俗。這些個案包含「鬧春田」、「走古事」、「四月八」、「舞麒麟」、「天穿日」、「桐花祭」等。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">風水知識與觀念也是漢民族所共有,然而客家社會特別藉由中原南遷的說法,強化了客家與風水之間的緊密相連。無論形勢派或理氣派在地理上是與客家居住地區重疊或是相接,都對客家社會有很大的影響;特別是形勢派祖師楊筠松被認為因唐末黃巢之亂而把風水知識帶來南方,完全符合客家的中原南遷論述。二次葬有時也被說是客家「特有」的習俗,主張在遷徙過程,形成了二次葬這樣流動地移動墳墓的習俗。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">信仰方面各地客庄的守護神各異,也同在漢民族的神格體系之內。這些各地客庄信仰包含三山國王與義民爺、媽祖、觀音、何仙姑、九天玄女、七聖娘娘、法妙仙人等多樣的女神信仰、伯公與公王以及拿督公等,至於哪一種神明才是所謂「客家特色」,實因各地不同的社會脈絡而有所差別。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">在服飾方面,獨特的客家民族服飾並不存在。通常客家服飾以女性為討論對象,最常被提及的「客家服」就是黑或深藍等樸素的農事作業服,以及有著寬大帽緣的遮陽帽。然而這種服飾早在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-themecolor: text1;">1970</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">年代已不見於客家地區;同時,受當代臺灣桐花祭的影響,白色花瓣成為客家服飾的裝飾重點。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">飲食文化方面,所謂的客家菜為何?也是難以回答的問題。不同地區的客家菜差異頗大,某個地區的客家菜可能到其他地區則被視為其他族群菜肴。因此,本主題只能分別介紹數個地區各自典型的客家菜,呈現客家菜的概況與多樣性。這些客家菜包含廣東東江客家菜之釀豆腐、梅菜扣肉、鹽焗雞、發粄、艾粄、仙人粄、狗肉等;福建、江西、四川的客家菜分別有酒釀、擂茶、燒賣、糍粑,同時整體看來,江西省的客家菜與福建省和廣東省相比相對嗆辣許多;臺灣的客家菜,一般來講在臺灣客家小炒、粄條、豬腳、炒鹹豬肉、擂茶、東方美人茶;至於東南亞則較與東江菜相似,包含釀豆腐、梅菜扣肉、鹽焗雞等。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">建築方面,圓形土樓最常被認為是典型客家建築,但是閩粵交界處土樓最多的地區卻同時也含閩南族群;相反地,粵東客家最常見的建築是圍龍屋,而臺灣客家則與閩南族群相同地以三合院為主要居住型態。換言之,獨特的客家建築也不存在。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">山歌是土樓以外,一定會被提及的客家的特色。山歌可以定義為「原本在戶外,特別是在山上即興唱誦的民謠」,其歌謠的內容既有勞動也有戀愛,內容各式各樣。戰後客家山歌朝向藝術化發展,中國大陸和臺灣以及世界各地出現了傳承客家山歌的團體。特別是臺灣融合了客家山歌與流行音樂,出現了新形態的客家流行音樂,也進入到中國或世界的客家社會。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">最後工藝方面,列舉了廣東省、福建省與臺灣知名工藝品中的石雕、木雕、花燈、陶器、紙傘、藍染、花布</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-themecolor: text1;">7</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">種。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h2 style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; margin: 9pt 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">(三)再現與認同</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">最後第三部份的再現與認同共</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-themecolor: text1;">8</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">章,包含語言、文化形象、客家社團與博物館,這些都牽涉到客家文化的再現與客家身份的認同。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">客家話常被認為是客家族群起源的重要論據,然而究竟哪些語言算是客家話,與其他語言的界線又在哪裡?都不是容易回答的問題。同時全球化壓力下,各地客家話皆呈顯著衰退面貌。然而中國大陸的客家話卻因原本未被認定為客家話的語言被認定為客家話,反而有所擴張。因此作者群主張,客家話並非固定的實體,而是依據社會狀況反覆著消失、建構,以及重構過程的語言。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">關於此一族群建構的過程,本書作者群進一步針對客家名人、東方猶太人、勤勞美麗女性、土樓、以及媒體再現等文化形象,分析其創造與建構過程。作者群認為「客家形象」比實際的客家人和客家文化更加要求「客家特色」。近年藉由客家本身加速地再生產客家形象,已對原本不太抱持客家意識的人們產生影響。在客家地區生活的人們,每天在各種報導、招牌、活動、景觀、營生方式中,都身處於被迫思考自身「客家特色」的狀態中。而此一建構過程的實質推動力量是全球性客家社團崇正會與客屬總會等團體;至於世界客家大會等活動以及各地的客家博物館,則是此一建構之手段或形式。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">最後一章客家認同即為全書結論,本書用極大的篇幅反覆介紹了客家語言和文化的多樣性,那麼,為什麼客家的語言和文化如此多樣呢?作者群主張,這些文化多樣性並非同一族群之遷徙所致;反而是各種原本就不同的族群因應社會狀況,轉換而來成為客家族群,所以其文化自然是多樣性的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h1 style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: normal;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; font-size: 16pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">三、討論</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">本書作為一本面對一般大眾的客家知識普及讀本,是十分出色的,既呈現了「是什麼?」,更企圖帶領讀者解釋「為什麼?」。前兩部份以類似百科全書式的風格,介紹了客家族群的歷史、人口分布與社會文化等,這可能就是作者「拼圖」比喻中,所預想的圖案。然而值得注意的是,作者群強調客家文化內部多樣性,甚至也提醒了其中與漢民族文化的共通性;於是作者群在第三部份以文化再現及認同的反思性視角,解釋客家族群這種多元面貌的緣由。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h2 style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; margin: 9pt 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">(一)文化特殊論及其反思</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">乍看本書章節(特別是前兩部份的安排)似乎採取了所謂「文化特殊論」的觀點,亦即視客家為具有獨特文化的族群整體;然而作者群明白地反對此一主張,早在撰述之前,即已決定要顛覆此一對客家通俗形象的想像。於是全書呈現看似矛盾,卻又不得不然的章節架構與內容舖排。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">對於常民讀者而言,必須先認定客家是一具體的族群,才能進一步了解其族群的歷史、人口與文化;於是作者群先用第一及二部份,讓讀者了解客家人與客家文化「是什麼」,敘述了「客家原本居住在中國中原地區,經過歷史上多次遷徙而生活在閩粵贛、臺灣、東南亞乃至於世界五大洲,人口多達幾千萬」;同時又說明「客家人重視宗族親戚,在生活、習俗與信仰方面,雖然有些跟一般漢人相似,卻也有屬於自身的特點」。然而,作者在闡述「客家是什麼」之餘,又不斷地說明「其實客家未必都是這樣」;甚至更用第三部份,以較為分析討論的語氣,解釋客家文化多樣性的形成原因。推翻了章節安排上的「文化特殊論」假相,指出客家文化多樣性並非來自同一根源的族群,因遷徙到不同地方而產生文化變遷;而是不同地區的各種族群因應各自的社會狀況,轉換而成為客家族群。換言之,作者群對於客家族群之形成並不主張客家源自歷史上同一血緣或同一地區共同祖先之後代;而是近現代各地區不同人群接受了客家認同,建構的結果。就族群理論而言,前者是特質論,後者是建構論,而作者群的理論觀點屬於後者。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">這種論點與章節安排相互背離的微妙安排,表現為本書兩項書寫理路的特色,說明如下。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h2 style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; margin: 9pt 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">(二)交互論辯</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">作為概述性質的客家導論書籍,簡明扼要地描述後,再補上其他異說,不失為一種平衡的作法。以首章「誰是客家?」為例:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 24.0pt; margin-right: 24.0pt; margin-top: 18.0pt; margin: 18pt 24pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-top: 1.0gd;"><span face="標楷體" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">誰是客家?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-themecolor: text1;">……</span><span face="標楷體" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">他們是在中國大陸約佔</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-themecolor: text1;">92%</span><span face="標楷體" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">之漢族的一個支系,具有獨特文化和語言的族群。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-themecolor: text1;">……</span><span face="標楷體" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">客家意指「以客為家」,並未突顯其出身地,這明顯與以廣東人、潮州人、閩南人等地區為基礎的認同相異;所以即使是在中國,這個名稱也給對客家不熟悉的人帶來奇妙的印象。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 24.0pt; margin-right: 24.0pt; margin-top: 18.0pt; margin: 18pt 24pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-top: 1.0gd;"><span face="標楷體" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">「客」在現代日語的語感裡,是客人等來訪者之意,稍帶好感,只是有時也予人「外人」等警戒防備的印象。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-themecolor: text1;">……</span><span face="標楷體" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">一直到戰前為止,客家在使用上皆帶有藐視之意;認為客家不是漢民族而是少數民族的誤解,也根深柢固。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-themecolor: text1;">……<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 24.0pt; margin-right: 24.0pt; margin-top: 18.0pt; margin: 18pt 24pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-top: 1.0gd;"><span face="標楷體" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">不過,現在公認客家是漢族的一支。不僅如此,客家有時甚至被認為是撐起中國歷代革命的漢族精銳。客家也有「東方猶太人」之稱,有許多名人輩出,客家人自身亦反覆強調。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">以上敘述有三重點,首先簡明地指出客家是漢族之少數支系;其次說明此一稱呼是對客家的蔑稱;但隨即補充也有強調客家是漢族精銳的說法。再以同章關於「中原起源說」為例:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 24.0pt; margin-right: 24.0pt; margin-top: 18.0pt; margin: 18pt 24pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-top: 1.0gd;"><a style="mso-comment-date: 20210406T1124; mso-comment-reference: SD_2;"><span face="標楷體" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">客家學始祖羅香林指出的中原五次大遷徙成為定論已久,途經福建省寧化石壁的路徑,也幾乎必定記載於書上或客家博物館的解說板上,成了客家的基本知識。而這種強調客家係正統漢民族,起源自中國文化發祥地中原之論述,可以說是為了反駁當時仍普遍流行的客家非漢族的貶抑態度。</span></a><span style="mso-comment-continuation: 2;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 24.0pt; margin-right: 24.0pt; margin-top: 18.0pt; margin: 18pt 24pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-top: 1.0gd;"><span style="mso-comment-continuation: 2;"><span face="標楷體" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">但是,這樣的「中原起源說」已開始受到質疑,日本客家研究先鋒歷史學者中川學,首先從醫學的觀點提出疑問,認為客家族群有南方血源;房學嘉運用考古學、民族學、自然人類學的知識,提倡客家的起源不是中原,而是南方土著的「土著起源說」。這項新學說,也獲得陳支平和謝重光等支持。</span></span><span class="MsoCommentReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 9pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-special-character: comment;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">以上敘述亦有三重點,首先指出客家起源於中原的說法;其次論述這種說法實際上是為了反駁客家非漢人的主張;但也隨即補述中原論已為近來的研究者所推翻。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h2 style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; margin: 9pt 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">(三)平行呈現</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">面對各地區客家之特殊性,作者群採取平行論列的方式,例如客家菜包含:廣東(東江)客家菜;福建、江西、四川的客家菜;臺灣客家菜;東南亞、大洋洲的客家菜。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">相同的論述也表現在建築,第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-themecolor: text1;">16</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">章土樓、第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-themecolor: text1;">17</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">章圍龍屋與第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-themecolor: text1;">18</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">章三合院;</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">宗教與信仰則討論了三山國王、義民爺、多樣的女神信仰、伯公與公王等,不同的神明在各地被奉為「客家守護神」來信仰是值得矚目的。至於哪一種神明才是「客家特色」,實因各地的社會脈絡而異。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">關於節慶,客家的節慶基本上和其他漢族大致相同,由春節(舊曆新年)開始,陸續過清明節、端午節、中元節、中秋節、重陽節、冬至等傳統節慶。大多數客家人都會過這些節慶,其內容與其他漢族也有不少的共同點。只是,即便同屬客家,也存在豐富的多樣性,因地區或各宗族而異。縱使是同一地區,也可以看到某些宗族重視元宵節,某些宗族重視冬至的狀況。此外,節慶時一般都會舉辦包含祭拜祖先或表演技藝等活動的「祭典」,其內容也不是只有一個樣貌。然而,近年在客家地區,將特定節慶作為客家特色轉變為觀光資源,創造出嶄新呈現的趨勢也越發顯著。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h1 style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: normal;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; font-size: 16pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">四、結語</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">本書對一般知識大眾或學生來說為絕佳的客家文化導論,可以作為簡明扼要的教科書,十分成功;作為客家知識體系之研究,也是十分適合的起點。本書在結構上呈現了一個客家文化的整體面貌;但是在客家文化實質內涵的描述與論中,又不斷地推翻這種整體面貌觀。對於一般讀者而言,應該可以在本書找到「客家是什麼?」的通俗簡明答案;但是對於這個答案不滿意的讀者,也必定在對客家文化多樣性反反覆覆地平行並列與交互論證中,打破客家文化的刻板印象,深思其客家印象形成的原因。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">順此理路探尋下去,想要打破砂鍋問到底的讀者應該會問:「既然通俗的客家整體面貌應該被打破,那麼一本介紹客家文化導論的書籍還要用一個客家文化全貌觀作為篇章架構嗎?」粗淺的答案或許可以主張:要先立,才能破;如果不先描述一個通俗印象,就無法予以解構。然而,或許可以再深思幾番。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">一如客家,其實吾人可以想像,即使是漢人、閩南人乃至中國人等人群類屬,也不可能會有一獨特而整體的文化,而這一直是「國民性」或「族群性」研究永遠無法解決的困難。吾人對於客家文化獨特性進行反覆地論辯時,卻不見得會用這樣的心情,面對客家在各地區所對應的各主流人群,可見解構客家文化獨特性的終極辦法,可能是不再討論客家文化之獨特性,如此則本文之篇章架構就會被全然拆解。那麼,下一本客家導論的通俗作品應該如何安排篇章呢?我想,這個問題正等待著客家研究者接招。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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</div>大學、客庄與老街http://www.blogger.com/profile/14881989716307424626noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1695181431448501431.post-72939186716167339122021-08-07T06:33:00.001+08:002021-08-22T06:13:04.517+08:00感謝配速員<div style="text-align: left;"> </div><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span face="標楷體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">花甲四時Ⅱ:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span face="標楷體" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">感謝配速員</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span face="標楷體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">羅烈師</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">2021/4/18<a href="https://d.docs.live.net/bf5e2be22ae163d5/%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/6%E5%80%8B%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%8A%E5%AE%B6%E5%BA%AD/%E8%B7%91%E6%AD%A5/%E8%8A%B1%E7%94%B2%E5%9B%9B%E6%99%82%E2%85%A1%5e7%E8%AC%9D%E8%AC%9D%E9%85%8D%E9%80%9F%E5%93%A1.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 24.0pt; margin-right: 24.0pt; margin-top: 18.0pt; margin: 18pt 24pt 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-top: 1.0gd;"><span face="標楷體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「厲害喔,最後有撐住!」他說。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 24.0pt; margin-right: 24.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 24pt 18pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm;"><span face="標楷體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">賈起餘勇,衝過終點線,以</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">358</span><span face="標楷體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">完賽,並向賽道敬禮,還拍了一張紀念照後,便立刻趨前向配速員握手致謝,而他仍然這樣溫暖地鼓勵著我。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">配速計畫(</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;">0-21</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face="標楷體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">2021/4/18</span><span face="標楷體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">新竹海風馬,六點起跑,原以為暑熱會早來,沒想到竟是強烈的東北風掃射。起跑的感覺十分混亂,首先是起跑線上的人潮,再加上北風在頭前溪出海口挾著海砂子彈般打在臉上,弄得人心浮動。直到海埔路又進又出之後,人潮漸散,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">6</span><span face="標楷體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">公里處轉回</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">15</span><span face="標楷體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">號濱海公路,心情才平靜下來。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">2020</span><span face="標楷體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(花甲四時Ⅰ)自助馬拉松跑出</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">357</span><span face="標楷體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">水準,有些得意;接著練了些體能,挑了</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">345</span><span face="標楷體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">課表,想用這個配速再戰十月份的南庄馬拉松;不料沒弄清楚路線,被山地馬搞得後半馬爆掉,連</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">400</span><span face="標楷體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">都沒破。冬季練習前,仗著暑熱下的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">345</span><span face="標楷體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">課表都能超標準達成,於是明明知道不可能達成的情況下,仍選擇了</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">330</span><span face="標楷體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">課表。而冬季訓練也果然順利,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">330</span><span face="標楷體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">課表雖然辛苦,但是無論速度跑、重量跑或配速跑,都勉強在略差於低標準的水準下完成,於是認為自己可能可以用</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">505-515</span><span face="標楷體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的配速完成新竹馬。之後,春天來了,氣溫上升,最後幾週變得頗為辛苦,於是又決定把配速調高到</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">515-525</span><span face="標楷體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,以破</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">347PB</span><span face="標楷體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">為賽事目標。只是自己心裡有數,比賽當天可能氣溫更高,就算是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">520</span><span face="標楷體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">配速也一樣辛苦。結果賽前的氣象預報,一則以喜,一則以憂。喜的是氣溫竟然在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">20</span><span face="標楷體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">度上下而已,不會再高;但憂的是北風,回程一路頂著風跑,應該很難維持配速。於是賽前的配速策略是順風配</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">520</span><span face="標楷體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,回程看情況,如果敵不過逆風,就降到</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">540</span><span face="標楷體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,破</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">PB</span><span face="標楷體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">不成,至少要破四,合乎花甲四時的大目標。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face="標楷體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">一如預期,從第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">7</span><span face="標楷體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">公里開始沿濱海公路順風南下</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">14</span><span face="標楷體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">公里,有點單調的濱海公路南行,速度基本上還不錯,遇著兩位沿路聊天的跑者,順暢地前進,一路上超越不少跑者。兩位跑友中,一位從身形看來就是個好手,另一位則讓人有點擔心他真能在這種速度下還聊著天前進,果然,後來在半馬超越他之後,就沒再看到他了。他倆的速度差不多就是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">520</span><span face="標楷體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,但偶爾超速,我就遠遠近近地跟著前進,順風吹送下,算是全程最輕鬆的時刻。至</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">18</span><span face="標楷體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">或</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">19</span><span face="標楷體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">公里處,慢慢接近前方遠處的跑者集團;至第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">20</span><span face="標楷體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">公里追了上去,發現原來是早我兩分鐘出發的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">400</span><span face="標楷體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">配速列車。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face="標楷體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這一段整體配速在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">513-529</span><span face="標楷體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">間,只有進補給站時,每公里配速才被拉下到</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">530-540</span><span face="標楷體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">間;順風加上體力充沛,是全程最愉快的時刻。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">壯心仍在(</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;">21-30</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face="標楷體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">21</span><span face="標楷體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">公里路徑略狹,配速列車人馬眾多,於是我只好跟著列車以</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">530-540</span><span face="標楷體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的配速前進,感覺略慢,有點休息的意味。轉出窄路之後進入補給站,正好完成前半馬,費時約</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">1:54</span><span face="標楷體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,如賽前預期,尚有一絲破</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">PB</span><span face="標楷體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的機會。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face="標楷體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">跟著配速列車在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">24</span><span face="標楷體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">公里補給處進站後,決定比列車提早出發,企圖恢復前半馬的配速。這一路逆風前進,我不斷地追上配速相若的跑者,有點奸詐地跑在他們後方避風。開闊的香山濕地,當頭的東北風讓人不知不覺地掉速,後方也不停地傳來</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">400</span><span face="標楷體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">配速員的加油聲。此時,兩位背著</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">AED</span><span face="標楷體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">急救器的跑者以</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">520-530</span><span face="標楷體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">速度超越了我。於是咬了牙,加速跟了上去。但是到</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">30</span><span face="標楷體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">公里處,最終仍是被列車追上,而真正的馬拉松,也就是最後</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">10</span><span face="標楷體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">公里就要登場了。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">愉快的集體感(</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;">31-37</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face="標楷體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">其實被追上了反而是好事,跑在隊伍之中,有配速員破風,舒服許多。此時知道破</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">PB</span><span face="標楷體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">已經無望,但是只要跟著隊伍前進,至少可以破四。第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">31-37</span><span face="標楷體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">公里在浸水庄與金城湖一帶,是新竹海邊有名的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">17</span><span face="標楷體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">公里海岸線風景區,路上盡是遊客,或者成群散步,或者騎著各種形式的出租自行車,意外地成了跑者的啦啦隊。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face="標楷體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">此時,配速員調高手上小音響的音量,播放著步頻</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">180</span><span face="標楷體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">左右的舞曲,我跟在配速員身後,降低步頻,好踩著節奏前進,而我身後則有一串人龍。眾人步伐一致,如果再加上答數與口號,簡直就像軍隊裡的跑步一般。迎面而來的遊客也大喊著加油,眾人也相互應合著,那種愉快的集體感,完全克服了肌耐力耗竭的艱苦。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face="標楷體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這一段每公里的配速大致在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">530-540</span><span face="標楷體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">間,只有補給時,才掉到六分速以外。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">上坡(</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;">38-41</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face="標楷體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">前進到南寮垃圾處理廠附近,感覺終點不遠了。在威猛的隊伍中,一路超越強弩之末的跑者,配速員也不斷吆喝著被超越的跑者「上車!跟上來!」當時我以為自己可以在最後五公里,發揮三一跑的精神,提速到</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">520</span><span face="標楷體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,衝進終點。我也確實在水站處,比列車提早出發。只是萬萬沒想到在這最艱難的時刻,竟然還有兩處上坡,連後方的配速員都下達「快走就好!」的指令,於是我只得心死地,再度匯入列車。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face="標楷體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這四公里的起伏坡,配速只能勉強維持六分速左右;補給時,更掉到</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">610</span><span face="標楷體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">以外,是全程最煎熬的時刻。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">拚搏(</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;">42-</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face="標楷體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">離開樹林區,進入南寮港區南側,頂著北風,恢復</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">520</span><span face="標楷體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">配速,進入最後約兩公里的拚搏。配速員示意我向前衝吧,我搖搖頭,表示就只能這樣而已了。他看了錶,知道要達成大會時間破四必須更快才行,於是只跟我併肩跑到人行道的盡頭,便在停車場處揚長而去。我咬牙苦追,超越了幾個跑友,最後像百米衝刺般跑回終點,達成破四的底限目標。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24pt;"><span face="標楷體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">儘管冬季練習狀態不錯,但是以平均</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">540</span><span face="標楷體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">破四的配速完成馬拉松,也就是我最真實的表現了。寫這筆記時,已經完全忘記了最後五公里的艱難;但是對我而言,馬拉松迷人之處就在於賽後心心念念的,正是那最後五公里的艱難。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="https://d.docs.live.net/bf5e2be22ae163d5/%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/6%E5%80%8B%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%8A%E5%AE%B6%E5%BA%AD/%E8%B7%91%E6%AD%A5/%E8%8A%B1%E7%94%B2%E5%9B%9B%E6%99%82%E2%85%A1%5e7%E8%AC%9D%E8%AC%9D%E9%85%8D%E9%80%9F%E5%93%A1.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> 賽後即</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">撰成初稿,但直到八月才完稿。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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</div>大學、客庄與老街http://www.blogger.com/profile/14881989716307424626noreply@blogger.com0台灣彌陀漁港22.7620768 120.2334683-5.5481570361788464 85.0772183 51.072310636178841 155.3897183tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1695181431448501431.post-47790725909498599752021-07-31T20:59:00.001+08:002021-07-31T21:02:12.251+08:00藏在飲料罐後的戰爭:學田六君子故事前傳<p> <br /></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; text-align: center;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">藏在飲料罐後的戰爭:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; text-align: center;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">學田六君子故事前傳</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">羅烈師(文)、張薇芊(設計)、陳龍田(資料蒐集)</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/62c9787d16d14bd088ff92403bb43be3&source=gmail&ust=1627822856722000&usg=AFQjCNGYv0mF3NOL9yj7Mtnf9TbP6FAhmg" href="https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/62c9787d16d14bd088ff92403bb43be3" style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; text-align: start;" target="_blank">https://storymaps.<wbr></wbr>arcgis.com/stories/<wbr></wbr>62c9787d16d14bd088ff92403bb43b<wbr></wbr>e3</a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 24.0pt; margin-right: 24.0pt; margin-top: 18.0pt; margin: 18pt 24pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 2.0gd; mso-para-margin-top: 1.0gd;"><span face="標楷體">回顧這一連串的創校歷程,只能用「出錢又出力」來形容呂鷹揚等人對大嵙崁公學校的付出<span lang="EN-US">……</span>,透過大嵙崁公學校的例子,我們的確見到一個地方的有識之士們為故鄉教育所做的貢獻,更窺見時代的洪流中,教育如何與一個地方的發展產生緊密的連結。<a href="https://nctuitsc-my.sharepoint.com/personal/asii_o365_nctu_edu_tw/Documents/02%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6/%E5%AE%A2%E5%A7%94%E6%9C%83%E5%AD%B8%E8%A1%93/%E5%B0%88%E6%A1%88/%E9%80%86%E5%AF%AB%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6/%E5%AF%AB%E4%BD%9C/%E5%AD%B8%E7%94%B0%E5%85%AD%E5%90%9B%E5%AD%90%E6%95%85%E4%BA%8B%E5%89%8D%E5%82%B3.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face="標楷體" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; margin: 9pt 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">捐地興學</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.1pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">這是桃園市大溪國小的老故事,發生在日本人統治臺灣期間,當時校名是「大嵙崁公學校」,地方士紳熱心教育的形象令人尊敬。我們不妨透過故事主人翁呂鷹揚(</span><span lang="EN-US">1866-1923</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">)的自述〈阿姆坪開墾記〉,更貼近地品味超過</span><span lang="EN-US">110</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年的老故事。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.1pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">明治</span><span lang="EN-US">41</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">(</span><span lang="EN-US">1908</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">)年初春,呂鷹揚與王式璋、呂建邦、江健臣、黄丙南、黄玉麟等共六人共同捐出</span><span lang="EN-US">48</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">甲半的原野,作為大嵙崁公學校的基本財產。六人並各自以自己的產業為擔保,以</span><span lang="EN-US">10</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年攤還本利的方式,向臺灣勸業銀行貸款</span><span lang="EN-US">5,000</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">圓,進行開墾事業;也因此被稱為學田六君子。當時人人以為不可,「</span><span face="標楷體">街談巷議,多批評當事等最愚拙之行為。謂墾務成,屬公共之利源;墾務敗,歸自己之損害</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">」。果然,接下來一年多的開墾事業,讓所有人吃足苦頭。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.1pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">呂鷹揚等人在</span><span lang="EN-US">80</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">餘位應徵開墾募者中,選了三十戶佃農,還簽訂了「永久耕作且子孫承繼」合約,隨即前往阿姆坪開墾。開墾最重要的是水源,砍伐雜木荊棘長草,很快地就初步開闢田園,接著從上游興築水圳,引溪水入田灌溉,初期便墾成水田</span><span lang="EN-US">6</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">甲多,開始播種;接著又闢成水田</span><span lang="EN-US">3</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">甲多,旱園</span><span lang="EN-US">8</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">甲多。夏季來臨前,為了擴大開墾範圍,自更遠處接引溪水,開鑿山洞引水,水路長達</span><span lang="EN-US">2</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">公里,工程困難。七月底就要完工接通水源時,圳路漏洩,難以完工。夏天之後,遭逢流行性感冒,多人染疫,只能停墾。直到冬天復工,修補圳岸,並且起造田藔為臨時居所。終於在隔年(</span><span lang="EN-US">1909</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">)春天,開墾完成水田</span><span lang="EN-US">25</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">甲多,旱園</span><span lang="EN-US">15</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">甲多。第一期收到租穀</span><span lang="EN-US">5000</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">餘斤,但是旱園所種雜糧如蕃薯、芋頭、花生及生薑等,多被山豬吃光,慘無收入。該年夏天颱風引發土石流,山崩土壓,水圳擁塞不通;而且流行病再度發作,佃農只得艱苦地一一解決問題。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; text-indent: 24.1pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">呂鷹揚在這開墾過程中,得到了經驗,「</span><span face="標楷體">今而後知欲開墾蕃地者,衛生一法,最宜留意。因山間多瘴氣,驟雨後,勿遽出而耕作 以防瘴氣之上昇。夜間寢息,須加被覆,勿任過凉,凉則生感冒,其症遂變熱狂</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">」。還寫了一首詩:</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 108.0pt; margin-top: 18.0pt; margin: 18pt 108pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-left: 9.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 9.0gd; mso-para-margin-top: 1.0gd;"><span face="標楷體">石秀坪前阿姆坪,二年招佃力披荊;鑿通水道三冬足,犁削山隈十畝平;叱犢相聞農有慶,吠龐弗聽戶無驚;從今崁校多基業,好育儒林間世英。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.1pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">正如詩中所言,歷經兩年努力,開闢田園,鑿通水圳,驅趕了野獸,在阿姆坪建立了水田牛耕的農業社會;而且大嵙崁公學校也因此得到了這些基業,未來將會培育更多的優秀人才。這</span><span lang="EN-US">30</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">戶佃農是那個時候拓墾陣容的一部份,他們最終將大溪最東南邊的叫做「三層」的荒地,也就是現在的復興里、新峰里與三民里(屬復興區),變成生息繁衍的聚落。而那時候的大嵙崁,貫通南北的大漢溪具有航運之便,成為為地方性貨物集散之據點,是典型的內陸河港市街。當時代表性行業有伐樟熬腦、伐木、礦工、船夫、挑夫、漁夫等,而使大嵙崁充滿生氣貿易活絡。資本家既在市街廣開商行,也在山區展開大規模的開墾,推動了許多產業的發展,每天碼頭平均停泊的貨船有兩三百艘,忙碌的航運工作所提供的優渥工資,吸引更多人力,市鎮也更加的繁華,成為</span><span lang="EN-US">19</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">與</span><span lang="EN-US">20</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">世紀之交,全臺排<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">名</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">20 </span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">的大市街。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.1pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">呂鷹揚不到一甲子的人生,卻是瑰麗多彩,足以令人吟味再三。他是清末秀才,日治之初即受頒紳章,既有參事及國語傳習所職員等公職,又參與修復福仁宮及籌辦大嵙崁公學校等地方事務,是典型的傳統士紳。然而,他卻不為傳統所局限,投身交通、金融、電氣等實業,甚至被譽為桃園廳實業界的巨星。而且也敢於接受及推廣新文化與新的生活方式,其子呂鐵州即為名畫家,也是臺灣美術教育的重要貢獻者。此外,呂鷹揚家族原籍福建漳州南靖縣永豐里書洋總,有漳州客家背景,渡台後,先居大坵園(今大園區)與大竹圍(今蘆竹區)一帶,屬於早期入墾桃園台地之漢人家族,以西部沿海區域為初期發展據地,漸向台地東南近山地區開拓的典型。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.1pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">這些圍繞著呂鷹揚及其家族的故事統統都是精采的篇章,實際上也已不乏歷史、美學、文化資產及在地文化運動等成果,值得關注。然而,學田六君子與阿姆坪的故事,其實只是官方與民間合力拓墾歷史的小小片段,更驚人的故事展現在跨國的日資大財團。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; margin: 9pt 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">臺灣紅茶</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.1pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">學田六君子與佃農們所開墾的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">40</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">甲田園是企求安身立命及支持地方教育的水田農業聚落,然而,臺灣總督府所擘畫的卻是更廣大的經濟產業與世界市場。就在六君子阿姆坪開墾事業展開的同時,日資「三井合名會社」在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">1909</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">年成立了。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.1pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">三井合名會社隸屬於當時全臺最大的三井集團,母公司輸出茶葉、米穀、砂糖、樟腦、食鹽與菸草等物資,同時也輸入日常生活商品,可以說是臺灣地區最大的民間財閥。成立合名會社係專為開發臺灣豐富的山林利益,總部設於臺北,開發區域分布於海山、大溪一帶,超過</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">1000</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">甲的茶園。會社的土地開發事業,先大規模開發林木資源,再利用砍伐後的土地耕作茶園。三井早期以烏龍茶與包種茶的生產及銷售為主,昭和年間開始積極推廣紅茶,著名的「日東紅茶(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Nittoh Black Tea</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">)」與「臺灣紅茶(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Formosa Black Tea</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">)」,使</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">「合名茶」與錫蘭、印度大吉嶺及中國祈門並列世界四大茶品。藉由<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">三井物產全球營業網絡,三井紅茶銷往世界各地,這一完整的茶產業鏈將三峽與大溪等丘陵地的人民與土地,納入了世界貿易體系中。</span></span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.1pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">然而,在這開發、興學與經濟成長的樂觀氛圍中,如果我們<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">重回歷史現場,會發現</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">1908</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">年阿姆坪春天的平靜,其實代價慘重。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; margin: 9pt 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">戰爭</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.1pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">衝突來自於山上的樟樹,因為採樟熬腦的產值獨步全球,也是殖民帝國初期重要的經濟來源。學田六君子的佃戶們進入阿姆坪開墾的前一年(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">1907</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">5</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">月,臺灣總督府動用軍警,由深坑與桃園兩廳派兵東西合進,企圖打通從大嵙崁通往插天山(位於目前新北、桃園與宜蘭交界附近)的隘勇線,以確保樟腦事業的開展。桃園方面的軍警才出阿姆坪,便在枕頭山遭遇泰雅族大嵙崁前山群激烈抵抗,史稱「枕頭山之役」。雙方挖戰壕相戰,經</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">40</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">餘日才確定攻佔枕頭山;後來更由臺中、南投增援軍警,前後費時</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">3</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">個月才登上插天山。日方為此戰役投入原估三倍以上的經費,發射砲彈近</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">2000</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">發,子彈近</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">55</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">萬發,軍警近</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">1,500</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">人次,巡查近</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">15,000</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">人次,隘勇與人伕</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">12</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">萬人次,死傷</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">60</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">餘人。至於武力完全不對稱的泰雅社群,雖然欠缺統計數字,但死傷絕對數倍於日人。同年十月,大嵙崁前山群、大豹群、大嵙崁後山群以及的新竹的馬武督群合組聯盟,再次展開為期一個月的插天山攻防戰。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.1pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">這樣的戰爭並非始於殖民統治,清朝光緒年間臺灣巡撫劉銘傳「開山撫番」,大規模開發山林資源,既開啟了大嵙崁的繁榮,也升高了與泰雅之間的衝突。光緒</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">12</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">1886</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">)年臺灣撫墾局於大嵙崁設「撫墾總局」,下轄大嵙崁撫墾局、東勢角撫墾局、埔里社撫墾局、叭哩沙撫墾局、林圯埔撫墾局、蕃薯寮撫墾局、恆春撫墾局與臺東撫墾局,統轄全臺之撫墾事務。從</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">1886</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">到</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">1892</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">前後七年間,大嵙崁周邊發生過三次戰役,歷經劉銘傳與邵友濂二任巡撫,分別調派大軍前往今桃園大溪、復興、臺北新店與新竹關西一帶,與原住民激戰,史稱大嵙崁之役。其中又以第三次</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">1891</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">年四月到隔年四月,歷時一整年的戰役,更調動臺中林朝棟的兵力,最為激烈。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.1pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">學田六君子與佃戶們進入阿姆坪開墾的那個</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">1908</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">年春天,其實已經是兩朝政府,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">20</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">幾年來,反覆征戰大嵙崁前山群、大嵙崁後山群、大豹社與馬武督社等泰雅族人的結果。而三井財團也就是在這樣的國家武力為後盾下,奪取了廣大的山林,經營製腦、開墾、造林及茶業等事業。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.1pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">這一頁歷史顯示,國家將原住民傳統領域視為國有,發佈「官有林野及樟腦製造業取締規則」與〈臺灣樟樹造林獎勵規則〉等法令,提供資本家進入「蕃地」,開發山林的合法途徑,而且更用強大的武力遂行其意志。日本的財團在政府刻意扶持下成長,漢人也藉由傳統的業佃關係擴大生活領域,至於泰雅各社群就被迫由狩獵進入農耕社會,其傳統文化遭受全面的破壞。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; margin: 9pt 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">老茶新生</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.1pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">故事說到這裡,我們用便利商店裡一瓶飲料上的廣告結束這個故事:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-insideh: none; mso-border-insidev: none; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 12.0pt; margin-right: 12.0pt; margin-top: 18.0pt; margin: 18pt 12pt 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-top: 1.0gd;"><span face="標楷體">創立於<span lang="EN-US"> 1899 </span>年的台灣農林<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 12.0pt; margin-right: 12.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 12pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm;"><span face="標楷體">前身為「日本三井合名會社」<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 12.0pt; margin-right: 12.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 12pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm;"><span face="標楷體">是百年老字號的製茶廠<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 12.0pt; margin-right: 12.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 12pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm;"><span face="標楷體">早在日治時期就已嶄露頭角<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 12.0pt; margin-right: 12.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 12pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm;"><span face="標楷體">台灣農林的百年歷史<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 12.0pt; margin-right: 12.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 12pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm;"><span face="標楷體">也如同沈澱時光的故事寶盒<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 12.0pt; margin-right: 12.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 12pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm;"><span face="標楷體">走過台灣茶葉的興衰榮枯<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 12.0pt; margin-right: 12.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 12pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm;"><span face="標楷體">隨著茶香瀰漫<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 12.0pt; margin-right: 12.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 12pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm;"><span face="標楷體">更喚起你我的世代記憶<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 12.0pt; margin-right: 12.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 12pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm;"><span face="標楷體">一個世紀以來<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 12.0pt; margin-right: 12.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 12pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm;"><span face="標楷體">台灣農林出產的茶葉<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 12.0pt; margin-right: 12.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 12pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm;"><span face="標楷體">伴隨著台灣人的懷舊記憶<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 12.0pt; margin-right: 12.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 12pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm;"><span face="標楷體">還有一路走來的軌跡<a href="https://nctuitsc-my.sharepoint.com/personal/asii_o365_nctu_edu_tw/Documents/02%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6/%E5%AE%A2%E5%A7%94%E6%9C%83%E5%AD%B8%E8%A1%93/%E5%B0%88%E6%A1%88/%E9%80%86%E5%AF%AB%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6/%E5%AF%AB%E4%BD%9C/%E5%AD%B8%E7%94%B0%E5%85%AD%E5%90%9B%E5%AD%90%E6%95%85%E4%BA%8B%E5%89%8D%E5%82%B3.docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face="標楷體" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; margin-top: 18pt; mso-para-margin-top: 1.0gd; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.1pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">二戰後,中華民國政府接受臺灣,臺灣農林股份有限公司茶業分公司成立,將原屬日人所有的製茶會社工廠全部納入,三井合名會社所屬的茶廠、茶園即全部歸農林公司管轄。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">1955</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">年,配合「耕者有其田」政策,農林公司全面開放移轉為民營公司,繼續經營迄今。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">1980</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">年以後,臺茶對外之國際競爭力漸弱,對內則因製茶管理規則廢除,各地小型製茶工廠暴增,農林公司遂於</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">1995</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">年暫停各地茶廠製茶運作。近年老舊建築再利用風氣興起,大溪茶廠於</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">2010</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">年更名為「大溪老茶廠」,企圖重新回復茶廠風華。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.1pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">大溪曾有的繁華難免讓此刻的大溪人長吁短歎,即如臺灣農林公司大溪老茶廠飲料罐,也訴諸一派百年懷舊的文青聲腔;相同地,阿姆坪已經成了觀賞石門水庫風景的游艇碼頭時,人們乘風快意之時,也總會聽到淹沒在水下的學田往事。然而,更底層的巧取豪奪與暴力征討所導致的血肉傷痛與族群文化的失落,卻往往被遺忘了。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.1pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">往事已經成為事實,光陰也無法倒流,不同的人群在這方土地上曾經有過或者仍然持續的繁華、成長與創新,也都真實而可貴;漢人的一聲道歉未免太廉價,而所謂恢復傳統領域卻也遙不可及。那麼這</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">140</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">年來的故事,該如何從泰雅的視角再次凝視、省思與檢討呢?回到那世紀之交的歷史現場,那整個世代的戰爭難道沒有任何一絲和平的機會嗎?當時人們是否窮盡一切努力嘗試戰爭以外的選擇?最重要的是,當我們從歷史回到此刻的現實時,我們是否已窮盡一切努力,互為主體地保護彼此的美好?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; margin: 18pt 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: 1.0gd;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; padding: 0cm;">大事紀</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 24.1pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">1886 </span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">臺灣巡撫設置撫墾局,發動大嵙崁戰役,前後七年間,三次戰役。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 24.1pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">1899 </span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">日本三井合名會社成立。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 24.1pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">1907 </span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">臺灣總督府發動大嵙崁戰役,打通大嵙崁往插天山隘勇線。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 24.1pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">1908 </span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">學田六君子與</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">30</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">佃戶,開墾大姆坪。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; margin: 18pt 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: 1.0gd;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm;">延伸閱讀</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">大溪老茶廠(官網</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://www.daxitea.com/tw/modules/pages/main">https://www.daxitea.com/tw/modules/pages/main</a></span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">)</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">王學新,</span><span lang="EN-US">2018</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,〈日治時期新竹地區蕃地拓殖過程與原客關係〉。客家委員會獎助客家學術研究計畫成果報告(未出版)。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">李文良〈大溪蘭室呂鷹揚家族沿革〉,刊於《桃園市歷史建築大溪蘭室調查研究暨修復再利用計畫成果報告》第二章,</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">張崑振,</span><span lang="EN-US">2019</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,〈三井合名會社與製茶工廠〉。刊於《臺灣學通訊》,第</span><span lang="EN-US">112</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">期,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">18-19</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">許毓良,</span><span lang="EN-US">2019</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,《光緒十四年(</span><span lang="EN-US">1888</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">)臺灣內山番社地輿全圖所見的新北山區:一段清末開山撫番的歷史追尋》。新北市:遠足文化出版。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">傅琪貽(藤井志津枝),</span><span lang="EN-US">2019</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,《大嵙崁事件</span><span lang="EN-US">1900-1910</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">》。新北市:原住民委員會。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0; text-indent: -24pt;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">黃卓權總編,</span><span lang="EN-US">1994</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,《回首大嵙崁》。桃園:桃園縣立文化中心。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; margin: 18pt 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: 1.0gd;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm;">附錄</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">〈阿姆坪開墾記〉<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">大嵙崁公學校基本財產開墾總務委員<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">呂鷹揚<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">阿姆坪在大嵙崁南畔山陬,距離里程約邦里三里許,地屬蕃界。當明治四十一年一月十七日,揚與其官地王君式璋、呂君建邦、江君健臣、黄君丙南、黄君玉麟等相謀開墾出願官有原野,面積四拾八甲四分六厘九毫五絲,以作大嵙崁公學校基本財產。蓋痛念崁地,率先建築黌宮,勸誘子弟就學,以翼襄教化之覃敷,未曾少懈。無奈地方日漸衰微,住民生活陷於困難,移轉他方者,逐年加多,教化遂呈委靡之勢。爰是力圖斯舉,一以挽回教化之衰運,一以酬答國恩之盛施。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">至同年二月四日,得蒙許可;越六日,西桃園廳長呼集各出願者,登廳遴選當事。以揚為開墾總務委員,江健臣為會計,黄丙南之子黃石添為開墾主任,各人取出擔保地,特向臺灣勸業銀行借出金五千圓,以充開墾需用。按作十年,將所墾利益攤還銀行。當時街談巷議,多批評當事等,最愚拙之行為。謂墾務成屬公共之利源墾;務敗,歸自己之損害。然揚等毫毫不介意,隨即招佃。一時應募者,有八十餘名,就中選定三十佃,稟申桃廳。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-themecolor: text1;">是月二十一日,本總務委員及黄石添,引率佃丁九十名,抵阿姆坪墾地。從事披荊斬棘,雇工開鑿下流水圳,引水流東之溪源,入田灌溉。是年第一期分,尾坪約成水田六七甲,曾經<span lang="EN-US" style="display: none; mso-hide: all special;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">播種收獲。第二期分,加成水田三四甲,畑成八九甲。同五月中,復雇工開鑿上流水圳,以引源流。此圳延長,約臺里五六里,穿鑛二十餘丈,工事大形困難。豫期七月終,即欲成功;孰意此疏通,彼漏洩,畢竟難得完全。兼之夏秋之間,熱病流行。各佃丁男子婦多染癘疫,暫時停墾。至冬季天氣漸寒,命佃再闢原野。督工修補圳岸,架造田藔。
越四十二年春,諸事漸覺就緒。墾成面積總額,田二十五甲餘,畑十五甲餘。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">第一期分,按甲徵收,每甲田谷貳石,計五十餘石。其他畑所種什子,蕃薯芋子,落花生薑芽,多被山豬吃害,曁免租料。是年九月間,暴風猛雨,山崩土壓,上流之水圳
擁塞不通;嗣後又繼以熱病流行,佃人頗苦之。乃一意銳行補圳,講究衛生,順序平復。所餘畑地無幾。因山猪之害,尚在計畫防護撲滅。遲至本年末,大概可以一律告厥成功也。今而後知欲開墾蕃地者,衛生一法,最宜留意。因山間多瘴氣,驟雨後,勿遽出而耕作
以防瘴氣之上昇。夜間寢息,須加被覆,勿任過凉,凉則生感冒,其症遂變熱狂。爰將經騐,筆而為記之。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">石</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiu; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">秀坪前阿姆坪。二年招佃力披荊。鑿通水道三冬足。黎削山隈十畝平。叱犢相聞農有慶。</span><span face=""新細明體-ExtB",serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體-ExtB;">𠯈</span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: PMingLiu; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">厐弗聽戶無驚。從今崁校多基業。好育儒林間世英。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="https://nctuitsc-my.sharepoint.com/personal/asii_o365_nctu_edu_tw/Documents/02%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6/%E5%AE%A2%E5%A7%94%E6%9C%83%E5%AD%B8%E8%A1%93/%E5%B0%88%E6%A1%88/%E9%80%86%E5%AF%AB%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6/%E5%AF%AB%E4%BD%9C/%E5%AD%B8%E7%94%B0%E5%85%AD%E5%90%9B%E5%AD%90%E6%95%85%E4%BA%8B%E5%89%8D%E5%82%B3.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">參見大溪老茶廠官網</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://www.daxitea.com/tw/">https://www.daxitea.com/tw/</a></span><span face=""新細明體",serif" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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</div>大學、客庄與老街http://www.blogger.com/profile/14881989716307424626noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1695181431448501431.post-20467406675698139142021-04-05T20:55:00.000+08:002021-04-05T20:55:37.264+08:00自己.馬拉松<p> </p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">花甲四時</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">Ⅰ</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:</span><a href="https://d.docs.live.net/bf5e2be22ae163d5/%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/6%E5%80%8B%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%8A%E5%AE%B6%E5%BA%AD/%E8%B7%91%E6%AD%A5/%E8%87%AA%E5%B7%B1%EF%BC%8E%E9%A6%AC%E6%8B%89%E6%9D%BE.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">自己.馬拉松</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">羅烈師</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">2020/2/25<a href="https://d.docs.live.net/bf5e2be22ae163d5/%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/6%E5%80%8B%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%8A%E5%AE%B6%E5%BA%AD/%E8%B7%91%E6%AD%A5/%E8%87%AA%E5%B7%B1%EF%BC%8E%E9%A6%AC%E6%8B%89%E6%9D%BE.docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; margin-top: 18.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-para-margin-top: 1.0gd; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">清晨五點,日出前</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">80</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">分鐘,氣溫</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">17</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">度,對自己輕呼一聲:「那就開始吧!」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">2020/2/23</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">新竹城市馬,可惜因新冠肺炎(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">covid 19</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)威脅而停辦。這對從秋季苦練到冬季的跑者而言,真是情何以堪?於是我在舊港橋到中正橋之間的頭前溪南畔自行車道上,自辦且獨享了一個只有自己的馬拉松。起跑點在舊社橋下,東向至竹東芎林間的中正橋折返;回到起跑點後,再續行至接近南寮的舊港橋又折返東行;第二次經起跑點後,至經國橋又折返,終點即起跑點附近,實際里程則依專業跑表之</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">GPS</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">確定。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">元(</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">0-9</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">起跑點到中正橋約</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">9</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">公里,是第一階段,命名為「元」,始元之意。</span><a href="https://d.docs.live.net/bf5e2be22ae163d5/%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/6%E5%80%8B%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%8A%E5%AE%B6%E5%BA%AD/%E8%B7%91%E6%AD%A5/%E8%87%AA%E5%B7%B1%EF%BC%8E%E9%A6%AC%E6%8B%89%E6%9D%BE.docx#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">9</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">公里是緩上坡,也多少帶點熱身性質,策略是維持在「配速」的下限即可。關於馬拉松的策略只有一個,那就是「配速、配速、配速」。一年來(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">2019</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">春)的練習,以破四為目標,完全依照漢森</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">Hanson400</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">課表執行。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">42.2</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">公里要在四小時內跑完,那麼每公里必須在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">5’40”</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">之內完成,依跑者習慣,稱之為</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">540</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">配速。這樣的配速決策,行家會說是「理想配速」,而非「事實配速」,是我想要但卻不一定做得到的目標。跑馬以來,最好的成績是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">2015</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">新竹馬的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">347</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">3</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">小時</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">47</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">分),配速是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">520</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。然而髮蒼視茫,肌力點點滴滴消失,在那之後,幾次馬場千變萬化,竟然未曾再跑進四小時內。坦白說,這回配</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">540</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">應該只是不服老罷了。春夏兩季完成了一期共</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">19</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">週的漢森</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">400</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,秋季參加了家鄉湖口後山</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">43</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">公里小超馬,後山跑三圈,最後一圈吃足了苦頭,離破四差距一大段。幸好賽前就很阿</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">Q</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">地沒把這賽事當成目標,所以儘管成績不佳,倒是沒有灰心喪志,一心一意想的是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">2020</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">新竹城市馬。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">2019</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的秋冬練習狀況倒是令人滿意,各種數據都優於標準,而漢森向來被稱為「鐵血課表」,我又能合乎要求,於是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">540</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">似乎成了我的事實配速了。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">起跑時,四下漆黑,幸好約每</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">50</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">公尺有一盞照地路燈,配上自行車道白色的路面邊線,再加上我也已在這條路上跑了好幾年,因此完全無礙地往東前進。實際上,這種孤獨也往往同時是一份純然的自由,自己獨享的自由。如果有什麼危險,那就是在縣市交界的柯仔湖溪穿過經國橋及</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">68</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">東西向快速道路橋下便道後,約一公里的距離,既無路燈,也沒路面邊線,直到天際微曦,才放下擔心會踩到坑洞或異物的疑慮。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">跑前已把跑表設定在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">535-545</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">配速,苦練但經過休息減量的身體,此時充滿力量,穩健地在緩上坡中,跑在配速下限。穿過黑暗後,也已陸續將背上的補給水放到事先規畫好的地點,望著東方稜線由魚肚白漸漸泛出金絲,在寬闊的路面上微微加速前進。穿過中正橋下,在路的盡頭度折返,跑表顯示前九公里的平均配速是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">544</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,一如預期。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">亨(</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">10-26</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">接近中正橋時,天邊已泛起魚肚白,折返之際,天際線由紅逐漸轉為金黃,籠罩著外鳥嘴山與李崠山稜線,十分壯麗,我不禁頻頻回頭欣賞。從中正橋折返後,第二階段長達</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">17</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">公里的緩下坡,是全程最舒服愉快的時候,定名為「亨」,通達曉暢之感。跑前設定的配速策略是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">530-540</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">間,藉以補回第一階段的不足。此時溫度也逐漸上升,我脫去長袖,塞進背包,通體涼爽。可能就是這種略微興奮的心情下,偶有超速,但也立刻察覺而放緩。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">回到起點後,再略西行,穿越舊社橋下,完成半馬,費時</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">1</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">時</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">59</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">分,完全在配速調控之內。對於全馬而言,前半馬是不值一提的,只要穩穩地在配速內完成即可。如果有困難,也只是跑太快,反而拖垮後半馬。此時,里程上雖完成了一半,但實際上馬拉松根本還未開始。接下來</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">5</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">公里的緩下坡,我流暢地跑到舊港橋下,完成第二階段。這一階段平均配速</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">535</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,補回了第一階段的緩上坡多耗掉的時間。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">利(</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">27-35</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">第三階段</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">9</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">公里,定名為「利」,厲與力也,是馬拉松的關鍵時刻,賽前的配速策略即是:無論如何撐住</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">540</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">配速。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">雖然全程都以</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-themecolor: text1;">540</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">為目標配速,但體感與心情截然不同。第二階段是冷靜地不讓自己超速,而這第三階段則是努力地別讓自己掉速。打從舊港橋下折返起,緩上坡與略微蜿蜒的小徑,立刻改變了體感。此時面對開始辛苦的旅程,心思扣住「利」字,想著「利見大人」,也就是人生大開大闔的時候。為什麼在轉折之後,才利見大人呢?一定是因為見識了太多風波與歷練吧!</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">32</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">公里在頭前溪左岸棒球場,許多球員正集合熱身,我跑進了熱鬧的人群行列中。先前的馬拉松經驗不乏在這個里<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">程數突然撞牆的經驗,也正在</span>此時氣溫漸升,考驗著跑者。<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">再吃了一截花生口</span>味的牛軋糖,<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">真正的馬拉松就在這個時候開始了。</span>平常練習都在空腹的清晨,課表最高峰是連續幾次</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">27</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">公里長跑,才忽然真正體悟了補給的重要性。今早三點起床吃了早餐;起跑後,每十公里含一顆盬錠,第二階段也就是半馬完成前,強迫自己吞下三小顆梅乾巧克力球;舊港折返展開第三階段時,也吃了一截牛軋糖,當時的信念就是「為了最後一個小時補給」。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">相較於第二階段的流暢與短暫,這一階段的心思紛亂與複雜。前一階段要冷靜地壓下速度,這一階段則是要努力地撐住速度,特別是在曲折的緩上坡處,最為吃力。結果第三階段的配速是用力而不算太辛苦地維持住了</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">540</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,頓時心情篤定不少。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">貞(</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">36-42</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">再次回到經國橋下折返時,進入最後階段的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">7</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">公里,定名為貞,始終如一也,在最艱苦的時候,還要記得最初的微笑。這一段西向緩下坡舒緩了最後的艱難,特別是經國橋、高速公路到中華路這段新闢的蜿蜒單車道,是我最喜歡的路段。練習時,我總喜歡在這裡提醒自己「縮小腹,挺直腰桿,想像自己背著高高直直的將軍令旗,直指青天」,然後專心致志地盯住跑姿,「加快步頻,每一步都踩在身體正下方,就彷彿踩在核心肌群一般」。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">再次穿過球場時,臀大肌的痠麻似乎到了極點,此時球隊安打的歡呼聲對比著跑者已經徵調不出肌肉力量的無助感,讓人感覺格外地寂寞。不過跑者不怕寂寞,不斷提醒自己受過很好的訓練,已經熟悉這種艱苦,可以笑著跑回終點。經過其他跑團的補給站時,將兩罐空瓶麻煩志工回收,得到了理解而溫暖的加油聲。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">此時,正在中華路橋下,櫻花在轉彎處的緩上坡盛開著,手錶顯示剩下</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">3</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">公里;我努力而刻意地加快步頻,抬頭望著枯枝上繁花朵朵,映照在冬陽中,十分療癒。最後,我維持住速度,第四階段以</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">533</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">配速,也就是全程最高速完賽。最終成績是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">3</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">小時</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">57</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">分,成功地破四,後半馬比前半馬快</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">33</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">秒,配速得宜,令人滿意。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 200%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; text-indent: 24.0pt;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這場「自己.馬拉松」是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">2015</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">新竹馬</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">347</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">完賽以來,最令我驕傲的賽事,特別是獨自奮戰,自行補給的情況下,更是珍貴。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="https://d.docs.live.net/bf5e2be22ae163d5/%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/6%E5%80%8B%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%8A%E5%AE%B6%E5%BA%AD/%E8%B7%91%E6%AD%A5/%E8%87%AA%E5%B7%B1%EF%BC%8E%E9%A6%AC%E6%8B%89%E6%9D%BE.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> 2019</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年我許了一個願,要在</span><span lang="EN-US">2023</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">春天滿</span><span lang="EN-US">60</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">歲那年,跑一個四小時以內的馬拉松,取名「花甲四時」,</span><span lang="EN-US">2020</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">是第</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">Ⅰ,將會有Ⅳ次</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="https://d.docs.live.net/bf5e2be22ae163d5/%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/6%E5%80%8B%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%8A%E5%AE%B6%E5%BA%AD/%E8%B7%91%E6%AD%A5/%E8%87%AA%E5%B7%B1%EF%BC%8E%E9%A6%AC%E6%8B%89%E6%9D%BE.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">初稿撰成後,忙碌無端,直至</span><span lang="EN-US">2021/4/5</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">才修訂完成。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="https://d.docs.live.net/bf5e2be22ae163d5/%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/6%E5%80%8B%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%8A%E5%AE%B6%E5%BA%AD/%E8%B7%91%E6%AD%A5/%E8%87%AA%E5%B7%B1%EF%BC%8E%E9%A6%AC%E6%8B%89%E6%9D%BE.docx#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">元亨利貞是易經乾卦卦辭,《易乾.文言》:「元者善之長也,亨者嘉之會也,利者義之和也,貞者事之幹也。」跑過幾次馬拉松後,覺得這種起承轉合的節奏,正是馬拉松的哲學。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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</div>大學、客庄與老街http://www.blogger.com/profile/14881989716307424626noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1695181431448501431.post-27339521164440157152020-02-25T16:59:00.002+08:002020-02-25T16:59:37.762+08:00紫靈宮沿革序<br />
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 14pt;">紫靈宮沿革序</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">羅烈師<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; text-indent: 24pt;">紫靈宮者,望高樓伯公也;伯公而名紫靈,其有深意乎?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">紫靈宮南距新豐車站兩百餘公尺,背縱貫大路而東望焉;其所望者,殆望高樓也。民國六十四年新竹工業區創始,鳳山崎之望高樓、寶斗屋、竹篙屋等舊聚落列工業區預訂地,乃聽令遷徙至周邊新址;己未六十八年紫靈宮自望高樓遷建於今址。規模既成,半百年來,賴庄民踴躍捐輸,何、林兩氏主其事,辛未與己丑迭有修整;廟內新裝,宮外增建,而成今日面貌。其創建與整修沿革,見諸匾額碑記,目視指認可知,自不待言。唯老伯公廟創建於何年,則已遠不可考,庄人亦惑之。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0OYSUjSEKz0ojGfRSQEwSI-fWn9E5TTW_LAlH6mcSgEcDKX7OhdvcBM5h9M7YlmtsyEDVWpA6ps4Ao45W-joHoQyKLy548Z_KitoVaagz93gDw9x1SUJl3VUxO9nFxxfBL68e6GEVdaa5/s1600/IMG_4918+%25281%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="997" data-original-width="1600" height="199" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0OYSUjSEKz0ojGfRSQEwSI-fWn9E5TTW_LAlH6mcSgEcDKX7OhdvcBM5h9M7YlmtsyEDVWpA6ps4Ao45W-joHoQyKLy548Z_KitoVaagz93gDw9x1SUJl3VUxO9nFxxfBL68e6GEVdaa5/s320/IMG_4918+%25281%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">新豐紫靈宮匾額(筆者攝影)</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">余詢故老,知望高樓舊址在現今力成科技與自強路上;再考諸日本大正年間臺灣堡圖,並比對當今地圖,則聚落躍然紙上,信如故老所言。余以為開庄即築伯公壇,乃客庄舊俗;而何姓一族,嘉慶年間自霄裡南來鳳山崎,則老伯公當年應已創建矣。莊紳示余以騰鳳老秀才所題故廟門聯「伯仲倫中將伯助,公私陌上沾公恩」,首尾嵌題,連言伯公、伯公。余味其深意,乃歎曰「有心也哉,此賢!」何氏之於山崎也,講私則草埔墾成田園,生息繁衍,而成一方望族;論公則捐地興學,施地建廟,至今鄉人好義。伯仲者其何氏各房昆仲也,公私者則山崎各姓庄民也。老秀才其勉何氏昆仲,和睦倫常,以共謀公義乎?<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">余閒立廟坪,隔今日鐵道東望,但見廠牆數仞,而靈明紫氣幾兮。紫靈宮者,其囑後之人不忘當年望高樓之初心也乎?是為序,歲在庚子春二月伯公生。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />大學、客庄與老街http://www.blogger.com/profile/14881989716307424626noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1695181431448501431.post-5017586292767900552019-12-04T12:50:00.002+08:002019-12-04T12:50:55.220+08:00高接梨:大臺北都會客家的隱喻<br />
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">(刊於我城藝享2019)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">羅烈師</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">交大客院</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">2019/11/13<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">之一</span> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">遭遇客家</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">我的青春年少在這都會渡過,高中三年大學四年,七年的時間,讓我這輩子沒有成為這都會的陌生人。</span><span lang="EN-US">1970</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年代末,也就在這裡,我遭遇了客家。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">高一住在臨沂街親戚家的文具店,隔壁便當店主人的老丈母娘過一段時日就會從鄉下來訪。老人家喜歡串門子,對於臺北工作的辛苦,總有句口頭禪:「</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">賺錢,針挑竻!</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">」班上有位開心果,就坐在我後面,互相發現彼此都不是都市人後,知道了他來自苗栗大湖,而我是新竹湖口。他老是成為同學調侃的對象,但是依舊整天笑逐顏開。某個陽光燦爛的午后突然下起雨來,他笑說:「</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">日頭雨,曬糯米。</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">」我回應說海陸腔講的是:「</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">日頭水,曬死鬼。</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">」還有一回軍訓教官在課堂上聊起部隊生活,談了軍官帶兵的甘苦談,最後意味深長的評論道:「</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">我最喜歡兩種兵,客家人跟山地人。</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">」他對教官的稱讚不太領情,反而跟我抱怨:「</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">聽到就火大,怎麼把我們客家人跟山地人放在一起!</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">」高二分組與分班後,換了一批同學,溫文儒雅的班長從板橋來,一回假日到校布置教室,也跟我提及自己也是四縣客家人。我試著用蹩腳的四縣客語跟他聊天,但不記得他回答過我。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTN6bJ8soyoel9UNaMiS2shmKvBN3uX0zEcnr_MNmHCCnPQTVjuLMiuKnRTOiGIg9Y25hlJgAIEmy2SN8HfeNvnSq5xROGmdB4Y6S21OpD00IkMcI9c5teErZFRfJurnRRZurq-IIiIprE/s1600/%25E5%25BD%25B1%25E5%2583%258F%25E5%25B7%25A5%25E4%25BD%259C%25E5%259D%258A.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1125" data-original-width="1500" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTN6bJ8soyoel9UNaMiS2shmKvBN3uX0zEcnr_MNmHCCnPQTVjuLMiuKnRTOiGIg9Y25hlJgAIEmy2SN8HfeNvnSq5xROGmdB4Y6S21OpD00IkMcI9c5teErZFRfJurnRRZurq-IIiIprE/s320/%25E5%25BD%25B1%25E5%2583%258F%25E5%25B7%25A5%25E4%25BD%259C%25E5%259D%258A.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">圖片來源:我城藝享<br />(<a href="https://www.tphkc.org.tw/news/sharing-our-home-workshop">https://www.tphkc.org.tw/news/sharing-our-home-workshop</a>)</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">在學校與鄰居,這種點點滴滴的客家遭遇帶著幾絲親切,但也無啥特別;倒是閩南語伴隨著較多苦澀。高二搬到新店另外一位親戚家居住,周圍外省人不少,但是街上的店家都講閩南語。幾次購買雜貨或生活小物,試著用閩南語跟店家交談,儘管心中演練再三,一出口就發現全不濟事。在那貨物標價不清的時代裡,難免引來諸多不安全感。就算如此,無非小小的不便罷了,倒也不必大驚小怪。高二國文老師認真地教會我們分辨入聲字,老師用的是閩南語,我發現客語也異曲同工。之後,大學在城中象牙塔似的校園與宿舍渡過,離開校園,教了一年書後,便服兵役去了。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">外島的日子,訓練備戰之外,工程最多。排長不像排長,倒像工頭。才下碼頭,就開始了</span><span lang="EN-US">24</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">小時趕挖寬口井,解決水荒的工程。汽車連支援卡車,清運廢土;我則既要領著班兵下井工作,又要回到地面觀前顧後。連長怕我這個新手排長扛不住,調了個老鳥班長協助幾天。一日老鳥班長因公遲到,我發落完工作後,才趕到井邊。汽車連的上兵駕駛劈頭就罵他:「</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">幹!走去兜?恁排仔講啥聽攏沒啦!</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">」他也不遑多讓:「</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">幹!卡細聲仔啦!沒禮貌!食煙啦!</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">」兩個人刁著煙就到車後咬耳朵了。我突然發現,語言與階級把我跟他們切成兩個世界。之後,只要到戰勤室</span><span lang="EN-US">24</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">小時值班時,我就跟著電視上的閩南語新聞讀新聞,勉強練就了客人仔腔的福老話。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">剛好就是退伍重回教職那年,這都市發起還我母語大遊行,控訴廣電法與悲悼客語淪亡。坦白說,那彷彿只是</span><span lang="EN-US">1980</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年代街頭狂飆的一則新聞罷了;直到多年以後,我才弄懂它的意思,也羞愧於自己當年的無知。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">之二</span> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">離鄉客的高接梨</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">緣份沒有使我成為臺北人,但是像我這樣偶然經過,卻最終安身立命於斯,乃至於一心要來臺北打拚的人,倒是不少。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">臺北百年來成為全臺首善之區,工商發展,文化薈萃,成為磁吸全臺人口之都會。</span><span lang="EN-US">1970</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年代臺灣經濟起飛,源源不絕的人口因為就業、就學或婚姻,成為臺北人,而臨近臺北的桃竹苗地區自然是移入人口的大宗。移民初到大臺北,城中房價物價都貴,於是周邊衛城市如三重、新庄、板橋、中和、永和或者台北南區等地,往往成為落腳的優先選擇。半個世紀後的此刻,依據官方調查資料,大臺北的客家人口高達百萬。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">移民的第一代母語幾乎是唯一語言;第二代雙語,母語退居為家庭用語;第三代就以當地主流語言為母語了。如果跨族群通婚,則語言更容易倒向主流通行語言,第二代就失去母語了。百萬客家散在大臺北六百六十多萬的人口中,即便擦肩而過,恐怕也無從聞問,於是成為都會裡隱形的客家人。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">知識份子眼看語言褪去,都市所崇尚又是新潮、現代乃至全球文化,焦慮與憂心可以想見,而這就是</span><span lang="EN-US">1988</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">還我母語大遊行的重要背景。相對於社會運動展現激情以喚起政府重視客語傳承之同時,大臺北客家也從新竹新埔枋寮義民廟,請來義民爺,以城市為祭壇,辦理隆重的祭典,爾來</span><span lang="EN-US">30</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">餘年。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">30</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">多年的努力,隱形的臺北客家,顯身多少呢?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">2017</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">年臺北義民</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">30</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">嘉年華幾個年輕人分享家族移民故事,我聽到了十分傳神的「高接梨」比喻。低海拔客庄的果農將高海拔梨樹帶蕊的細枝剪下,再削尖嫁接在自家低海拔的梨樹上,於是二者優點相加,適應力強的粗梨樹,長出甘甜的細梨。客家梨鄉的離鄉人隱形於都市,只有返鄉才會顯身。逢年過節,離鄉人絡繹於途,城市彷彿只是工作與居所,而非家園。相應於此,對於在城市出身的第二代而言,客家幾乎就等同於祖父與祖母;至於陸續出生的第三代,異鄉已經成為故鄉,那個記憶中的客家鄉已漸行漸遠。高接梨已是臺灣農業的奇蹟,但是大臺北的客家移民是否已在這巷弄通衢中,開花結果,一如故鄉?我們在音樂或劇場等藝術中,看到了許多令人激賞個別藝術家或表演者;但是目前為止,對於整體大臺北都會客家而言,還沒有太樂觀的答案。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">客家只是一種流動的身份認同而已嗎?我不認為。以高接梨為喻,如果沒有土地,沒有母株,高接梨是活不成的。佔地四公頃的「客家文化主題公園」似乎是某種「擬客庄」。公園位於臺北市汀州路與師大路所夾新店溪北岸,東西銜接自來水博物館、寶藏巖等文化路線,南北通過古亭庄舊址,沿著師大路穿過龍泉市場與泰順街等客家人較多的地區,又有跨堤平台設施更聯結鄰近的河濱公園。館舍內有常設與特定主題展示,召募志工,經營市民農園,辦理推廣活動,還提供社區大學式課程,甚至傳統的伯公與義民爺也奉祀於園內,多少有些客家社區的味道。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">隱形的客家總是需要一個特定的時空,才能顯身;那麼,新店溪北畔這片城南,應該可以是沃土。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />大學、客庄與老街http://www.blogger.com/profile/14881989716307424626noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1695181431448501431.post-50563535365882347052019-10-26T08:39:00.001+08:002019-10-26T08:39:47.069+08:00序謝賜龍著《新竹地區還老愿儀式之研究》<div style="text-align: center;">
人神許諾</div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">或許虔誠,也可能只是隨口罷了,我們的許願竟然就被上蒼實現了!只是我們還願了嗎?人神之間的許諾可以掉以輕心嗎?謝賜龍說了一個好長的客家故事,這故事關於死亡、親子與人神之間。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">所謂還老愿指的是子女在父母親過世後三年,代替父母,向諸天神佛還願的儀式;藉由還老愿,子女代父母還完了對神佛可能的虧欠,至此三年,可以褪去喪服,也正式告別了哀傷。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4ohTyi6RKYqhGP2RHQUkDwaKrrG4DBuOM2Z58wuH8V24W7IPoVWMWlKni7k-N1aBRXkuYscE35IWECUSmvGzzwRjeDVLUE7J2Yn9fF6ORrHH4-c_GVEhQ9JMfqUplCaVm204dJJ0Jh5NP/s1600/IMG_3599.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4ohTyi6RKYqhGP2RHQUkDwaKrrG4DBuOM2Z58wuH8V24W7IPoVWMWlKni7k-N1aBRXkuYscE35IWECUSmvGzzwRjeDVLUE7J2Yn9fF6ORrHH4-c_GVEhQ9JMfqUplCaVm204dJJ0Jh5NP/s320/IMG_3599.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">2007新竹新豐謝家還老愿儀式,中為請神先生。<br />資料來源:謝賜龍提供。</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">這一習俗常見於新竹海陸腔客語流行區的客庄,本書即以新竹地區各鄉、鎮、市為對象,以儀式現場之參與觀察,以及儀式專家之訪談,更依據田野調查所蒐集的文本,將還老愿禮俗相關的空間、用品、儀式與文本以及儀式專家等,予以相當完整的記錄。讀者不妨注意以下重點:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">其一,地方知識之形成與傳承<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">執行還老愿儀式的儀式專家基本上是儒家形態的禮生傳統,地方稱之為「先生」,而這些先生們各有其師承系統。不過也有少數儀式專家具有道教或佛教儀式知識背景,所執行的還老愿儀式內涵,便略有不同。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">其二,還老愿儀式之完整紀錄<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">本書關於還老愿儀式之紀錄係根據作者之親身經驗,以一場自己親人的還老愿儀式的完整紀錄為基礎,再據以向其他儀式專家訪談、比較與求證,因此確實可以稱為新竹地區的還老愿儀式的典型個案。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">其三,儀式相關意義之分析<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQWFJnAbP7jHuU-NIRYDd_WxYY5ezv4pV9H90JiwRuxd_nxpKxOrhOw9Bn-KoYNE7maYGHTZopYupIyUdPgJxyu9wLCfyAr0guqZgXDLv7co5B7c93k0S3LcJE674reu-4yXs8dz-G2R8f/s1600/IMG_3587.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQWFJnAbP7jHuU-NIRYDd_WxYY5ezv4pV9H90JiwRuxd_nxpKxOrhOw9Bn-KoYNE7maYGHTZopYupIyUdPgJxyu9wLCfyAr0guqZgXDLv7co5B7c93k0S3LcJE674reu-4yXs8dz-G2R8f/s320/IMG_3587.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">還老愿天地案及燈座<br />資料來源:謝賜龍提供。</td></tr>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 標楷體; mso-themecolor: text1;">關於儀式意義的討論係儀式研究最重要但也最困難的議題,還老愿儀式等同於個人最後一場生命儀式,儀式所揭示的「酬還」觀念以及由子女代理父母還愿的這一習俗,隱涵著深層的文化心靈。在作者碩士論文原稿中,有較大篇幅關於「通過儀式」的討論;惟以新竹文獻研究叢書之屬性,作者割捨了這部份的討論,有意深究者可另行自國家圖書館取閱。儘管如此,作者仍對於儀式細節方面的意義著墨不少。例如關於「燈座」的討論即十分詳盡,除臚列各儀式專家對燈座的製作與意義解釋外,又徵引《安平縣雜記》:「十五日,上元佳節,天官大帝誕,人家及各廟宇均如慶祝玉皇儀式,演大小戲,延道士以誦經,紙糊三官帝闕三座…。」,從而確認燈座所象徵的三官大帝宮闕之意。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">賜龍兄《新竹地區還老愿儀式之研究》完成碩士論文至今(<span lang="EN-US">2019</span>)倏忽已十年,本著作是學院派的訓練與地方文史工作者的典型交會,而這也正是新竹文獻研究叢書出版之始終如一之軌跡。期盼縣內各世代的知識份子,持續本傳統而更光大之,是為序。<span lang="EN-US" style="color: red;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />大學、客庄與老街http://www.blogger.com/profile/14881989716307424626noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1695181431448501431.post-30000059125694086972019-07-28T00:42:00.000+08:002019-07-28T00:42:04.344+08:00己亥仲夏日本行之一 唐津<br />
七月廿一日午后,抵唐津,往唐土之津渡也。登天守閣,俯瞰港口形勝,臨賞東唐津之民宅佛寺,一時頗有檳榔嶼康華里斯堡之感。入舊高取宅,庭園禪觀固不待言,蘭亭、貴妃與東坡俱在,令人莞爾。<br />
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之二 松浦<br />
七月廿二日於松浦體驗「營農」耕食,壯老力農,民宿迎客,生意盎然。唯其舊址即田代小學校也,廢校多年,此番新生,既喜又憂。<br />
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之三 豪斯登堡<br />
七月廿三日芎林鄭家獅出現在日本佐士保的歐洲風情遊樂園區,鑼鼓響起,爸媽牽著孩子圍攏,事先知道表演時間的歐巴桑則早已穩坐樹下搖滾區。大面小面捉弄打鬧,老人相視而笑;獅王寵物般舐足含尾,逗得人人會心一笑;大小面趨前,膽小的孩子閃避,發現掌中糖果,又連忙伸手;猛獅咬蓆之後,采青懸示「台日友好」,一時掌聲如雷。真是吸引人的表演!我想,未來的功夫紥深與劇場段子,會讓這群年輕人迅速進化為下一個物種!<br />
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之四 名尾和紙<br />
七月廿四日造訪名尾和紙,佐賀僅存的一家。從植樹、成漿、撈紙、烘乾到文創紙藝,手作工坊,一手包辦。主人説全縣的獎狀用紙,都出自名尾;可知無形文化資產之保存,所依賴的「生態」產業環境,必須官民企通力合作,才有可能。<br />
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之五 佐嘉神社<br />
七月廿五日返台,臨行,途次佐嘉神社,佐嘉者佐賀舊名也。神社古樸細緻,可以想像儀式之神聖繁褥,不敢或近,怕有輕慢。惟門前高懸令和元年之大厄者,令人莞爾。不識社內禮儀,無妨;未識路邊己凶,則險。直如晚宴拘謹,進退固然有據;宴後再約居酒,竟然恍若二人。何者方為日本?<br />
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<br />大學、客庄與老街http://www.blogger.com/profile/14881989716307424626noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1695181431448501431.post-85169523253042319342019-02-13T21:05:00.001+08:002019-02-13T21:05:14.509+08:00芎林存仁院<br />
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">《芎林存仁院.序》<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">記得那年案頭躺著一張昭和<span lang="EN-US">15</span>年(<span lang="EN-US">1940</span>)的老照片,影像由劉玉嬌老師提供,八十餘位學齡前孩童由一位老者及兩位年輕女老師率領,在日式歐風的華麗建築前,留下了童稚身影。沖洗師在相片上註記了明顯的字樣:「存仁院芎林託兒所第一回保育終了記念」,而建築物外牆也鑲刻著「存仁院」三字。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">照片提供:劉玉嬌</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">細細思量,這其實是件悲酸的往事。<span lang="EN-US">1940</span>年,中日戰爭已爆發三年,一批批鄉下的父親或兄長被徵調到戰場,母親則苦於家計,如果沒有宗親鄰里擔待,兒童照顧就成了問題,於是在芎林,存仁院便肩負了這樣的慈善工作。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">那麼,存仁院是怎樣的機構呢?透過劉玉嬌老師的研究,我們驚訝地得知在國家與社會同時從傳統轉型到現代的歷程中,這段民間鸞堂信仰蛻變為財團法人慈善機構的故事;而這故事竟然早在上個世紀初,日人殖民治臺之時,即已完成。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">關聖帝君、文人結社、戒治鴉片、行善等,構成了臺灣鸞堂信仰面貌,而其傳入與廣布於臺灣,新竹芎林扮演重要角色。光緒戊戌<span lang="EN-US">24</span>年也就是明治<span lang="EN-US">30</span>年(<span lang="EN-US">1898</span>),芎林知名文人彭殿華建立明復堂,自廣東省陸豐縣五雲洞引入同為彭氏宗親之恩主公信仰,藉以戒治鴉片;隨後明復堂改組為復善堂,並且附設仁濟藥舖。鸞堂信仰以行善積功,激勵信眾,於是信仰與行善互為表裡,風行於臺灣傳統地方社會。然而,大正四年(<span lang="EN-US">1915</span>)西來庵抗日事件後,日人壓抑查禁台人這一類扶鸞降筆信仰;同時,也在「內地延長主義」的施政方向下,要將臺灣傳統習慣法下的社會,轉型為與日本內地相同的法治社會。於是復善堂及其附設仁濟藥舖,便於大正<span lang="EN-US">12</span>年(<span lang="EN-US">1923</span>)接受政府法令,改登記為財團法人存仁院,原初的信仰氛圍也漸漸褪去。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">老照片裡的存仁院興建於昭和四年(<span lang="EN-US">1929</span>),那正象徵著一個國家與社會合作慈善事業的歷史高峰;戰後鼎革,存仁院重新登記財團法人,又逢政局動盪,地方社會不安,存仁院之產業與投資,橫遭鉅變,元氣大傷。至民國<span lang="EN-US">60</span>年(<span lang="EN-US">1971</span>)華廈拆除,改建出租,行善濟世之往事,隨之塵封。此刻立足芎林鄉公所,對街之網路名店「新美珍」,即其舊址;路人但知蛋糕之香甜,已渾不知百年往事。地方史之淪落,令人不勝唏噓。劉玉嬌老師即財團法人存仁院董事長之後人,以存仁院所藏史料為基礎,又廣泛蒐羅官方民間所藏相關史料,完成這本專書,保留了這段芎林史也是臺灣史的重要片段,居功厥偉。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">巧逢戊戌,兩甲子前,困於煙癮之彭殿華創建鸞堂,終脫桎梏,劉氏父子後先相承,偕芎林地方士紳,開創行善濟世之大格局。存仁院之興,實厚植於傳統社會力量;殆國家之日盛,反<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">致地方力量衰微。而今,國家戒嚴體制早已煙消霧散,惟地方社會之力量,仍待培植。讀此書者,緬懷前人德業之餘,亦當有所師之。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: red;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體;">羅烈師於交大客院<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />大學、客庄與老街http://www.blogger.com/profile/14881989716307424626noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1695181431448501431.post-27142159148112796742019-01-15T21:24:00.002+08:002019-01-21T14:41:25.642+08:00戇姐婆換題目<br />
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">戇姐婆換題目</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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序陳美燕《新竹風》詩集</div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">第一擺看到美燕係在交通大學客家學院在職碩士專班个新生座談會,斯像佢个名美燕,靚麗端莊。毋過聽忒自我紹介以後,頂記得係日文專長還過海陸客語。修過幾門課後,美燕尋厓指導碩士論文,厓建議佢發揮這兩項專長,兩儕黏決定以竹東為語料範圍,研究海陸客語个日語摎原住民外來語。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">計畫順利通過,開始蒐集語料,乜固定安排討論時間,續漸漸發覺語料有限,盡難超過前賢成果;又恁堵好,美燕好命會做戇姐婆咧,孤不離將暫時放忒研究。某日,面書頂高看到好消息,外孫一出世佢斯教外孫講客。看到詩作「戇姐婆」,厓心想「壞啼咧,恁才情个學生會分厓害到。」當下留言:「美燕啊,將就來改題目好咧!」</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">事實上,美燕考慮碩士論文方向該下,已經同厓提起「敢做得用客家詩創作个形式畢業?」當時厓認為實作式論文係為著專業人士設計,佢吂係恁仰形个身份,所以沒答應佢。看到佢以身份轉換而開始生命个寫作,厓正幡然改悟,答應佢之前个想法。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">美燕个作品慣寫親情,阿公阿婆、妹仔、婿郎,寫到親切、幽默又餳人目汁。〈跈阿公去看戲〉斯像貼等阿公背囊,目睡摸瞎;〈沙鼻嫲摎暮固狗〉灶下行到膨凳,笑開弛弛;〈偷走〉沒走个係腸牽肚掛。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">因為寫詩,美燕結到一群細妹伴,厓乜常常笑佢:「敢一定愛恁乖嗄?仰毋讀兜女性主義个書?」佢總係笑笑講好。背尾,〈掛紙〉斯係這種轉想過後个心情。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">出版這本詩集以後,美燕个人生乜應該多多少少換題目咧,各位試看〈厓到該欉花樹下等你〉,美燕沒講係麼儕等麼儕,厓想啊,一定係戇姐婆等細妹拐!毋知讀者仰般看?</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_yR9QoeFfTlu2mV44sB9uAbgETW4dI6fuwKJHD90_Z-YLE3Zq7ohWYokZ35Z1j1PzCGimorysF3UySFetmKS2dj9qvPowmxThQAaFpCPG8IWrNSsiljYmu06uia_qSKi2emCaRsuID4QP/s1600/49864704_2192131817484197_5776593024410714112_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="540" data-original-width="960" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_yR9QoeFfTlu2mV44sB9uAbgETW4dI6fuwKJHD90_Z-YLE3Zq7ohWYokZ35Z1j1PzCGimorysF3UySFetmKS2dj9qvPowmxThQAaFpCPG8IWrNSsiljYmu06uia_qSKi2emCaRsuID4QP/s400/49864704_2192131817484197_5776593024410714112_n.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">感謝張典婉攝影</td></tr>
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<br />大學、客庄與老街http://www.blogger.com/profile/14881989716307424626noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1695181431448501431.post-54526867702963337612018-11-11T21:17:00.002+08:002018-11-11T21:17:58.686+08:00台北市客家文化基金會未來的虛實兩策<br />
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">台北市客家文化基金會未來的虛實兩策</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">羅烈師</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">2018/11/11<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">一、前言:南飛小說</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">不是沒聽過邦加島,也略知這印尼島嶼的客家錫礦工人移民故事,但完全不知湯順利(</span><span lang="EN-US">Sunlie Thomas Alexander</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">)其人,拜《幽靈船》這本小書,讓我在南飛馬來西亞田野的旅途上,因著他的引導而全然沉浸於南島、海洋與跨族群的認同悲喜中。更驚訝的是,讀罷掩卷,才發現這是吳庭寬參與「臺北市客家文化基金會</span><span lang="EN-US">2016</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">全球客家串流計畫」的成果。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">都會客家是臺灣陌生的文化現象,即便累積了</span><span lang="EN-US">30</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年的義民祭經驗與</span><span lang="EN-US">30</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">年的「還我母語大遊行」回憶,相對於兩百多年的農業社會傳統,到底如何開展這一新興文化現象,臺灣客家與臺北客家仍在摸索、嘗試與思考中。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">對我這個住在城市的鄉下人而言,聽著臺北客家事務的高唱低吟,拈出虛實二字,以添想像。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXfPJCXQ9k_N4OfPvR6dd-O4_LjJKgCO2EElQMIwIDAVwL-80BQ3cA9QyQCAvAwQsPNKAfAb0m6L3XECjLBsvXERAgsPQ5gVOh6R1Mx_X4-UQmSeZ22-ZqMNSUY7NeoOtu05IgdPR4x5oF/s1600/%25E5%25B9%25BD%25E9%259D%2588%25E8%2588%25B9.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="348" data-original-width="348" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXfPJCXQ9k_N4OfPvR6dd-O4_LjJKgCO2EElQMIwIDAVwL-80BQ3cA9QyQCAvAwQsPNKAfAb0m6L3XECjLBsvXERAgsPQ5gVOh6R1Mx_X4-UQmSeZ22-ZqMNSUY7NeoOtu05IgdPR4x5oF/s320/%25E5%25B9%25BD%25E9%259D%2588%25E8%2588%25B9.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">湯順利《幽靈船》書影</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">「徵件」是臺北客家面對自身沒有客庄之窘境的利器,</span><span lang="EN-US">2015</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">至今,分別辦理了四屆「當代客家表演藝術徵件」與「全球客家串流」兩大計畫,鼓勵了十餘個壯遊青年、十餘場客家戲劇與十餘項客家藝術展演出版。我曾觀賞幾次,對觀眾之年輕與時尚,迥異於客庄活動之老邁,印象深刻。即如《南方彼岸</span><span lang="EN-US">-</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">文<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">學邦加共同創作計劃》,對於庭寬而言,未來更形寬廣:</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">計畫結束後出版了作家湯順利中譯作品《幽靈船》,後續也將引進更多的東南亞文學,供台灣社會反思。東南亞和台灣有許多共通之處,包括移民社會、歷史殖民背景等,也希望我們在提倡南向,往南看的同時,能有知識上的累積去互相理解,不僅是賺錢,而是能長久的經營交流。</span><a href="https://d.docs.live.net/bf5e2be22ae163d5/%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/7%E5%AF%AB%E4%BD%9C/%E5%8F%B0%E5%8C%97%E5%B8%82%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%9F%BA%E9%87%91%E6%9C%83%E6%9C%AA%E4%BE%86%E7%9A%84%E8%99%9B%E5%AF%A6%E5%85%A9%E7%AD%96.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-themecolor: text1;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">毫無疑問的,藉由這種串流,吾人照見臺灣客家一個全球的視野,令人愉悅而不那麼孤獨。可是疑慮而不確定感,也難忽視:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">庭寬在串流前也不懂客家,對客家有許多想像,也會覺得到那邊應該看一些什麼東西,但實地走訪後卻覺得是一個好混亂的狀態,於是反問自己是不是這個混亂的狀態才是正常的狀態?他開始思考「遷徙」,遷徙是跨越世代、跨越族群甚至跨越文化,會遇到許多困難及挑戰,過程中勢必會因社會情境而產生質變,於是邦加島的客家人成為那樣的客家人,和台灣的客家很不一樣,很難用台灣慣以理解的方式去瞭解他們,而客家的認同應該也是更為多元的。</span><a href="https://d.docs.live.net/bf5e2be22ae163d5/%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/7%E5%AF%AB%E4%BD%9C/%E5%8F%B0%E5%8C%97%E5%B8%82%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%9F%BA%E9%87%91%E6%9C%83%E6%9C%AA%E4%BE%86%E7%9A%84%E8%99%9B%E5%AF%A6%E5%85%A9%E7%AD%96.docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-themecolor: text1;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">這正是虛策的正反兩面,與客家淵源深淺不一的個人或團體會被這樣的計畫所吸引,於是呈現亮麗多彩的多元創意;然而,事過境遷,究竟為臺北客家留下什麼,不會沒人質疑。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyN8MckEDuaPDXgcM1-STmrfXjbYjd3yJieiYKHd9fEtpmq7zQdBlLeLYtLcIQGhac_8zGSp7n9yVImt5qlfoAcf2mSxvppLAqK43ttKpCaL1W_-dfWPCdWf6PrVOAl-u2ZOCkGZw_6BAO/s1600/%25E5%25AE%25A2%25E5%25AE%25B6%25E5%2585%25AC%25E5%259C%2592.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="648" data-original-width="459" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyN8MckEDuaPDXgcM1-STmrfXjbYjd3yJieiYKHd9fEtpmq7zQdBlLeLYtLcIQGhac_8zGSp7n9yVImt5qlfoAcf2mSxvppLAqK43ttKpCaL1W_-dfWPCdWf6PrVOAl-u2ZOCkGZw_6BAO/s320/%25E5%25AE%25A2%25E5%25AE%25B6%25E5%2585%25AC%25E5%259C%2592.jpg" width="226" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">臺北客家公園活動海報</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">佔地四公頃的「客家文化主題公園」似乎是某種「擬客庄」,相對於前述徵件質疑,是踏實了一些。公園位於臺北市汀州路與師大路所夾新店溪北岸,東西銜接自來水博物館、寶藏巖等文化路線,南北通過古亭庄舊址,沿著師大路穿過龍泉市場與泰順街等客家人較多的地區,又有跨堤平台設施更聯結鄰近的河濱公園。館舍內有常設與特定主題展示,召募志工,經營市民農園,辦理推廣活動,還提供社區大學式課程,甚至傳統的伯公與義民爺也奉祀於園內,多少有些客家社區的味道。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">四、結語:虛實相濟</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">臺北客家基金會被賦予執行都會客家事務之角色,甚至有可能也不小心地代表了臺北都會客家的身份,如果只是自我定位為一群公務員或準公務員為市民提供客家文化服務與資源,恐怕難以讓客家在臺北生根。社區營造在臺灣已有三十年經驗,期盼臺北都會客家能以主題公園為中心,秉持地域(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">locality</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">)與社群(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">community</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">)雙重關係,讓此處成為客家在都會裡的新角落與新社區。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">贅語一二,曾參與基金會年度座談,袞袞諸公苦口婆心,建言頗多。然而,都會客家其實是臺灣客家兩百餘年來的新經驗,恐怕只有尋找新生代「臺北『原生』客家」參與決策,才能直接面對下一個世代的客家世界。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://d.docs.live.net/bf5e2be22ae163d5/%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/7%E5%AF%AB%E4%BD%9C/%E5%8F%B0%E5%8C%97%E5%B8%82%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%9F%BA%E9%87%91%E6%9C%83%E6%9C%AA%E4%BE%86%E7%9A%84%E8%99%9B%E5%AF%A6%E5%85%A9%E7%AD%96.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">吳庭寬(口述),〈</span><span lang="EN-US">2018</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">全球客家串流計畫徵件說明會【經驗分享】</span><span lang="EN-US">PartI</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">吳庭寬</span> <span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">《南方彼岸</span><span lang="EN-US">-</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">文學邦加共同創作計劃》〉,</span><span lang="EN-US">https://www.facebook.com/hakkaprojects/videos/</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">徵件說明會【經驗分享】</span><span lang="EN-US">Parti-</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">吳庭寬</span><span lang="EN-US">-</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">南方彼岸</span><span lang="EN-US">-</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">文學邦加共同創作計劃</span><span lang="EN-US">/394588737606865/</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,登入日期</span><span lang="EN-US">2018/11/6</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://d.docs.live.net/bf5e2be22ae163d5/%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/7%E5%AF%AB%E4%BD%9C/%E5%8F%B0%E5%8C%97%E5%B8%82%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%9F%BA%E9%87%91%E6%9C%83%E6%9C%AA%E4%BE%86%E7%9A%84%E8%99%9B%E5%AF%A6%E5%85%A9%E7%AD%96.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">同前頁註</span><span lang="EN-US">1</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br />大學、客庄與老街http://www.blogger.com/profile/14881989716307424626noreply@blogger.com1